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Archive for category Politics

Pakistani Resident Expatriates

 

A sad note but based on reality. Pakistan will never change and those of us, who have migrated to the West will feel this ambivalence. But, life is too short, if you think this is a lemon, make a lemonade with it…Ed Note
Pakistani Resident Expatriates
I came across this interesting term while having a conversation, a few years ago,with the famous surgeon Badar Siddiqui. I mentioned to him that a long time has passed since I returned to Pakistan, from England, but I still have difficulty in adjusting to life here. It seems that a part of me has been ‘Anglicized’, and will always remain so. It was then, that he used the term and explained how all of us who have spent some time in the West, and later decided to come back, are ‘Resident expatriates’.
Perils of living in Pakistan have often been the subject of some heated discussions on this forum. Pakistan has often been criticized and ridiculed by many of us. People have found faults in its history and ideology, its geography and weather, population and culture, society and administration, politics and government, its armed forces and judiciary and sometimes even its religion. I accept that most of it is true and their criticism is well justified.
Strangely, our colleagues not living in Pakistan and having migrated to the West, have been most vociferous in denouncing its short comings. Perhaps this is their way of offering some justification for leaving this country. Living abroad, in the West,they have a better understanding of the problems confronting Pakistan, but they seem to be oblivious to their own problems,because those are never mentioned. They are more concerned about Pakistan, Islam and sometimes Saudi Arabia. In my humble opinion, all three can survive inspite of their attention and criticism .
Living in the West is a blessing. Who can deny that? There is peace and security, equality and justice. There are equal opportunities for every body. A good life can be enjoyed with all physical comforts. Talent and hard work is appreciated and rewarded. The future of our children is secure. The health and education system and all other social services work efficiently. There is no political or religious persecution or threats. It would seem absurd that some one would leave all this and move back to Pakistan.
It is always good to count the numerous blessings of life in the West, but one should also keep in mind that it comes with a price tag on it. Any body who wants to enjoy it has to pay a certain cost.
The first thing you give up, when you decide to reside in the West, is your sense of belonging and affiliation to a certain land. You become a foreigner in a foreign country. Even after spending many years in the west, the sense of being an outsider is always there. Somehow, the country does not feel like your own. No matter how many oaths of allegiance you take to obtain your nationality, the passion inside to lay down your life for your adopted country is never there.
Moreover, you are also aware that the local population also resents your presence among their midst. Years ago, one of our classmates told me,”These people tolerate us, but they don’t accept us”.
Even if you disregard the results of opinion polls; which show that 80% of the local population is against immigration, your own personal experience makes you realize that a significant proportion of the population does not like your presence in their country. Everybody living in Britain has either experienced a racial slur personally, or at least known someone who has been subjected to it. Even getting physically abused or mugged is not unknown.
Sibte Hasans brother and Arjumand Faisel’s son were subjected to brutal physical assaults in London and Nottingham respectively. Both were hospitalized for days and are lucky to be alive. Baber Hameed’s wife was harrassed at Southend-On-Sea. Me and Baber were roughed up in Norwich. These are just a few examples involving our classmates, but we tend to ignore these ‘incidences’, because we believe that only a tiny minority is involved and the majority is quite decent and helpful, which  may very well be true. However, this argument has little consolation for the victims. We compare these ‘mishaps’ with conditions back home and consider ourselves to be better off. We also believe that things will get better with time and our children will have a better future.
The situation is a bit different in the United states, as the majority of its population is immigrant. The prejudices you encounter in Britain against foreigners are not there. Nevetheless, things are not so rosy there either.
A few years ago, one of my Pakistani American friends stated that if a similar incident to 9/11 happens in the United States again, there will be mass Muslim deportations back to their countries. When I objected that this type of situation will never happen because United States after all is a civilized country, I was gently reminded that during the second world war Americans of Japanese origin were rounded up and put into concentration camps in America. History can always repeat itself.
With the passage of time things are getting worse. Even in America, the fear of persecution and a backlash by the local population raises its ugly head every time an act of terrorism is committed by a Muslim there. A time comes when you are gradually reduced to a pitiful state, when you oppose terrorism not because it is bad per se, but also because it threatens your very existence in the Western soceity.
The second big issue we compromise on, but rarely admit, is the future of our children. You feel that by providing them a chance to be brought up in the West is the best thing possible for them. After all, they get access to the best educational instituitions in the world. Their academic achievements make you proud. But, is it really the best thing for them? Years ago,talking to Baber Hameed’s mother, a very sweet and simple lady, in Karachi, I proudly told her that her grandchildren in UK are going to the best private schools in Norwich, she stunned me with the reply, ‘God is not going to ask whether you spoke English with the correct accent or not. You don’t go to Heaven for that.’
Torn between two sets of values and cultures, our children go through a lot of problems. Almost all of them have an identity issue. This problem is more acute in America than in Britain. Patti Jumar in her famous novel ‘Namesake’ aptly describes the plight of these children and called them,’The ABCD Generation'(American Born Confused Desi ). The problem of adjustments haunt them all their lives.
Another aspect of Western life where you don’t get a better deal is, ‘Old Age.’ Old age in the West is cold and lonely. Physically, you may be adequately looked after, but you spend your last days either fending for yourself or in the hands of total strangers. Old age in the West is something you should not wish for, even on your enemies.
Personally, I would like to be with my children and grandchildren in my old age, spending my time in the mosque and dying in my home. That is how my father and grandfather lived and died. And, that is how I want to make my final exit when the curtain falls. The prospects of this ever happening in the West is close to one in a million.
A long time ago, I decided that I could not pay the price the western world demanded of me and ultimately moved back to Pakistan. A lot of people like me came back for more altruistic, selfish or personal reasons. There is one thing which is common amongst us. A part of us still lives in ‘good old Britain’. We automatically stop at the red lights. We are the ones who look for bins to deposit our rubbish and we subconsciously form a queue at every shop and ticket centre.
Even after spending years in Pakistan, a part of us never gets adjusted to life here. Some thing irrevocable has happened to us.
Mujahid Humail, an FRCS orthopaedic surgeon, one year our junior, who used to be quite a smart chap in his younger days and now practises in Karachi with a flowing greyish white beard, a dopalli Topi and pan stains on the corners of his mouth, once told me,
“Shahab….you take me to a room full of consultants and just by observing them I can tell you exactly who is a FRCS or a MRCP and who is a local FCPS graduate.”
“You must be joking”,I said
“How could you tell the difference? After all, We all look the same.”
“You don’t realize”,he replied with a mischievious smile,”Those of us who have been sodomized by the Royal Colleges walk with a different gait.”
(I apologize for this profanity but I can assure you that the original sentence in Urdu was even more colourful. For obvious reasons it cannot be quoted here). Keeping aside his observation, it is true that we remain different.
Every time I experience prolonged electricity or water shortages or come across roads full of potholes with overflowing gutters, watching rules not being followed, laws being broken and principles ignored, when I am forced to pay a bribe, or somebody lies to me and when I come across blatant disregard for human life, I always remember ‘good old Britain’.
In the present circumstances, when people ask me, or sometimes my own children question my decision to come back to Pakistan from England, it becomes very difficult to provide them a satisfactory answer.
Those of us who went abroad and stayed there, made their choices ,are happy, and those, who decided to stay here, chose the way they wanted to live  are also happy. People like me will always remain in a fix, we want to live in Pakistan but also want to have a life like in England. This is Utopia and can never be reached. Life will always be difficult for me because I wish to live in two different worlds at the same time. After all I am a Resident Expatriate.

 

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A True Son of Pakistan, Col.Riaz Jafri tells it like it is! Elections! Elections! Elections!

LETTER TO EDITOR

July 25th, 2012

 

Elections Elections Elections

Hamid Mir summed up his Capital Talk show by saying that they (the panelists) had analysed the problems of Pakistan and the panacea for all of them was elections, elections, and elections.

I beg to disagree.  Who would all do they think shall be given the party tickets for the next and the next thereafter ad infinitum elections to contest and win?  The same chips of the same block –  Baap nahi tau Beta, Beti nahi tau Bahu, Bhanja nahi tau bhateeja, Chacha nahi tau Mama,  – – – – again ad infinitum. What choice would the poor electorate have except to choose one among from the same luteras?

There will be no change whatsoever and the same professional and hereditary corrupt plunderers will rule over this hapless nation unless some Khomeini or Mao rids them of the gnawing sharks and leeches!

Col. Riaz Jafri (Retd)

Rawalpindi 

Pakistan

E.mail: [email protected]

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WOMAN MUSLIM LEADERS and FEMALE LEADERS IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES throughout the times

WOMAN MUSLIM LEADERS

and

FEMALE LEADERS IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES
throughout the times


 

 Opposition Leader Hind al-Hunnud, Arab World

A member of the Quaish Tribe in the Kingdom of Kindah, she was one of the leaders of the opposition to Muhammed. She led a battle against him in 624, where her father and brother were killed and she then led a battle of vengeance against Muhammed. In the end she submitted to him and became a Muslim convert.


 

631-56 Politically Influential ‘A’ishah Bint Abi Bakr, Arab World

A powerful force in the political turmoil that followed the death of her husband, the Prophet Muhammed. She became an authority on Muslim tradition, and very important for her role in the civil war. She was defeated and captured in a battle in 656 and only released on promising to abandon political life. Her religious teachings became important for the Shiite branch of the Muslim faith. She lived (613-78).


 

681  Khanum Pisutu of Uighuristan (Central Asia)

The Uighur Khans governed portions of Central Asia in the centuries immediately following the Muslim expansion, and then fade from view. It is not entirely clear that the Turkic people called Uighurs who now dwell mostly in Western China are the same folk; the name is the same, but it could have been adopted by later-arriving tribes. The country was invaded by the Got Turks in 681.


 

Ca 690-701 Queen Dahlia al-Chain of the Moors (Berbian tribe in Tunisia)

Her name means the “priestess” or the “prophetess”, and she assumed personal command of the Barbarian forces, and under her leadership, the Arabs were briefly forced to retreat, but since the Arabs were relentless, she ordered a scorched earth policy. After her defeat, Dahia al-Kahina took her own life, and sent her sons to the Arab camp with instructions that they adopt Islam and make common cause with the Arabs.  Ultimately, these men participated in invading Europe and the subjugation of Spain and Portugal.


 

720-.. De facto Joint Ruler Hababa of Bagdad (Iraq)

She was slave singer of the 9th Ummayyad Caliph, Yarzid II Ibn ‘Abd al-Malik who was hostage to her carm. She choked on a pomegranate seed and he died of grief a few weeks later. Later historians stigmatized him and held him in contempt for letting himself be infatuated by a slave.


 

734-41 Khatun and Regent Mo-ki-lien of Mong (Mongolia)

Is known as Khatun Mo-ki-lien, which was the name of her husband. He was poisoned by his minister, and she acted as regent for their son, Yu-jan, who was again succeeded by her minor brother, Tängri Khagan, who died in 741.


 

Ca. 774 Governor Cara Zon of Carcasson (Spain)

A Marurian-Arab Princess. She defended the city-state against Charles the Great.


 

775-809 Politically Influential Caliph-Consort Al-Haizuran of Bagdad (Iraq)

Also known as Khayzuran (literally, Bamboo) she was a slave, born most likely in Yemen, and gained substantial influence during the reigns of her husband, al-Mahdi (775-785), who allowed her to make many important royal decisions. After his death, it was Khayzuran who kept the peace by paying off the Caliph’s army in order to maintain order. She arranged for the accession of her son, al-Hadi, even when he was away from the capitol. When al-Hadi proved less tolerant of Khayzuran’s political maneuverings than had al-Mahdi, it was speculated that it was Khayzuran who arranged his murder in favour of her second, more tolerant son, Harun. Whatever the truth, Khayzuran is more fondly remembered than many of the caliphs themselves.


  908-32 Politically Influential Shaghab of Baghdad (Iraq)
Succeeded in maneuvering the religious and military elite into recognizing her only 13 year old son, Muqtadir, as caliph. She had origially been a slave.

Empress Wei Shi

926 Regent Dowager Empress Shulü Hatun of Qidan (China and of Mongolia)

Also known as Khatun Shu-lü Shih of Purtmish, she was regent after the death of her husband Abaoji until her son Yaoku was elected as his successor as ruler of The Qidan nationality, which originally dwelt in the upper reaches of the mountains. It was nomadic and its main activities were fishing and hunting.


 

Around 950 Queen Yehudit of the Falasha Agaw (Ethiopia)

Also known as Yodit, Esato or Judith, she attacked the Christian southern provinces of Ethopia as far as the mountains of Tigre around 975. The Ethiopians saw her invasion as a punishment for having failed to be obedient to their Coptic patriarch. While the Agaw held power, the Amhara and Tegre culture entered a “dark age” about which little is known, and a large part of the Ethiopian civilization was lost or destroyed during this time.


 

Until 970 Princess Alan-Goa of the Hori-Tumat Dynasty in Mongolia

Succeeded by Bodonchar


 

Around 976 Politically Influential Dowager Queen of Persia (Iran)

Together with vizier Abu’l-Husain ‘Abd-Allah ibn Ahmad ‘Utbi, she assisted her son, Nuh II ibn Mansur, of the Samanid Dynasty (d. 997) who ascended to the throne as a youth.


 

981 Regent Hint bint Ishaq of Thima (Arabia)

 


 

997-1028/29 Regent for the Caliph-Governor Sayuda Sirin Hatyn of Gabal of Persia

Reigned in the name of both her son and grandson, both of the Bayide Dynasty


 

Around 1000 Leader Badit bint Maja of the Politically Organized Islamic Society (Ethiopia)

Either leader of a tribe or substate-entity.


 

1020-24 Regent Naib us Sultanat Sitt al-Moluk of Egypt

Also known as the Lady of Cairo, her name means “Lady of Power”, and assumed power after having arranged the “disappearance” of her brother Imam Hakim bin Amr Allah. She had his son al-Zahir proclaimed Imam and Caliph and she became regent. She appointed competent ministers, managed to setting the economy in order and brought peace to the country. (d. 1024)


 

1046-62 Regent The Caliph-Mother of Egypt

For the Fathamide-Caliph. She was a Sudanese ex -slave.


 

1061-1107 Joint Ruler al-qa’ima bi mulkini Zainab al-Nafzawiyya of the Berber Empire (Northern Africa)

Contemporary sources name her “the one in charge of her husband’s realm”, and she was joint ruler with her husband, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin of an Empire covering most of Northern Africa.


 

1084-1137 Regent Dowager Sultana Saiyida Hurra Arwa bint Ahmad as-Sulayhi of Tihama (Arabia)

Ruled in the name of Saba, who died in 1197/99 and then reigned alone, though together with other co-regents. From sometime in the 1130s she was the sole ruler. She was succeeded by Sultan al-Mansur bin al Mugaddal.


 

1086-94 Regent Dowager Queen Khanum of the Tanguts (Dangxiang)(China and Mongolia)

Regent for son Li Qianshum (1086-1139), who ruled in Jingbian/Ningxian.


 

Until 1087 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra Malika Asma Bint Shibab al-Sulayhiyya of Yemen

Her title means “The Most Noble Lady who is independent, the woman sovereign who bows to no superior authority, Queen”. She was married to Sultan Ali al-Sulahi, who entrusted much of the management of the realm to her. She also enjoyed the privilege of the Khutba – having the Friday’s prayer preached in her name – the ultimate proof of sovereignty. In 1067 her husband was taken prisoner on a pilgrimage to Mecca and she was taken prisoner by the Bane Najah family, when she was released she continued to direct her son’s rule along with her daughter-in-law ‘Arwa, until her death in 1087.


 

1091-1138 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra Malika ‘Arwa bint Ahmad al-Salayhiyya of Yemen

The wife of al-Mukarram Ahmad (1067-84), she was joint ruler with her mother-in-law Queen Asma. After her husband’s death she became ruler in her own name, having the Friday’s Prayers said in her name. She lived (1047-1137).


Unnamed Muslim Lady

1092-94 Regent Dowager Princess Turhan Hatun of Seljuk Persia (Iran)

The Seljuqs were a Turkish people whose history begins around the year 1000, by which time they were the dominant presence in Transoxiana and Turkestan. They overran the western part of the Ghaznavid Emirate in 1040, and shortly thereafter took over all of Persia and Mesopotamia from the Buwayhids. The death of Sanjar in 1118 signaled the decline of the Great Seljuq Empire, which broke up into several smaller states.


 

1107-24 Regent Dowager Sultana of the Seljuk-Principality of Malatya in Anatolia (Turkey)

Widow of Sultan Kilj Arslan, and married to three Turkish chiefs in succession who acted as guardians of her son, Sultan Tughril Arslan. In 1124 the principality was concord by the Danishmendide-Turks.


 

Ca. 1120-30 Ruler Al-Hurra Alam al-Malika of Zubayd (Yemen)

A singer or slave of the king Mansur ibn-Najah (Ca. 1111-23), who was so impressed by her political astuteness that he placed her in charge of the realm’s management and “made no decisions without consulting her”. In 1123 he was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam continued to govern but she never had the Khutba proclaimed in her name at the Friday night prayer. Zybayd was a principality in western Yemen near San’a, with whom it was in a perpetual state of war. The title of al-hurra was bestowed on women who were active in politics, but did not denote Queenship.


 

1142 Regent Dowager Khanum Ta-pu-yen of Qara Khitai (Turkestan)

After the death of her husband, Ta-pu-yen, she was regent for her son Ye-lü Yi-lie.


Khanum of Mongolia

1151-77 Khanum Regnant Tabuyan T’a-Pu-Yen Gantian Huanghou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan now Kyrgyzstan)

Leader of the Central Asian Khanate – in what today is partly Kyrgyzstan and partly Chinese Turkestan the region Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region/Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. The state was  founded by the Khitan ruler Yeh-lü Ta-shih when he conquered the Kharakhanid Turks in 1137. In 1141 Yeh-lü consolidated his conquest by defeating the Great Seljuk sultan Sanjar near Samarkand. The khanate was weakened in about 1200 by attacks from the Khwarizm shahdom and in 1218 it collapsed precipitately when the Mongols invaded. The governmental  institutions of Qara Khitai were taken over by the Mongols to form the foundations of their own imperial administration.


 

1163-77/78 Dowager Khanum Regnant Yelü Pusuwan Chengtian Taihou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan)

In the 1120s China’s Liao Dynasty was ousted by the Liaos, or Khitans, and were driven west into Central Asia,  where, after defeating the Seljuq Turks of Persia under the Sultan Sanjar in 1141, they founded the Qara-Khitai Empire with Samarkand as its capital covering present day’s Mongolia, Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other central Asian territories.


 

1170/72 Regent Dowager Sultan Turhan of Hwarizim Sahi of Uiguristan (China and Kazakstan)

Reigned for Sultan Sah Abd’l Quasim Mahmud 1170/72, who was deposed as ruler of the kingdom. The origin of Uigur ethnic group can be traced back to the nomadic people living around Lake Baikal and the area between the Irtish River and Lake Balkhash in the third century B.C. During the long history, these people amalgamated the north and south Xinjiang (China), Mongolian, Han and Tibetan clans. And the present Uigur ethnic group came into being. The Uigur has its own language and alphabet, which belongs to the Turki Austronesian, Altai Phylum. In their language, “Uigur” means “solidification and union”. The Uigurs rely heavily on agriculture as their main source of survival. They plant cotton, wheat, corn and paddy. The largest grape base of China is also located in the Turpan Basin.


 

1172-74 Politically Influential Terken Khatun (I) of the Khwarezmian Empire (Iran)

After the death of her husband, Shah Il-Arslan, his sons began fighting over who would succeed him. Sultan Shah was the younger son, but he was considered the formal heir and she placed him on the throne. The elder son, Tekish, fled to the Qara Khitai and was given a large army, and he soon set off for Khwarazm. She and her son decided to flee, and Tekish installed himself in Khwarazm unopposed in December 1172, but she gained the support of Mu’ayyad al-Din Ai-Aba, a former Seljuk Amir who had set himself up in Nishapur since the collapse of Seljuk power there, he led an army into Khwarazm, but was defeated, captured and executed. Her son eventually found refuge with the Ghurids, but she was hunted down and killed by Tekish’s forces.

 

1200-20 De-facto Co-Ruler Terken Khatun (II) of Khwarezmian Empire (Iran)

After the death of her partner, ‘Ala’ al-Din Tekish (1172-1200), she so dominated the court of their son, ‘Ala’ al-Din Muhammad II (1200-20) and quarreled so bitterly with his heir by another wife, Jalal al-Din, that she may have contributed to the impotence of the Khwarazmshahi kingdom in the face of the Mongol onslaught. She had a separate Divan and separate palace and the orders of the sultan were not considered to be effective without her signature. The Shah ruled the heterogeneou peoples without mercy. In face of Mongol attacks, Khwarazm empire, with a combined army of 400.000, simply collapsed.  Harezmshah Muhammed had retreated to Samarkand towards the end of his domination and he had to leave the capital city of Gurgenç to her.


  1208-20 Queen Ahmadilidyn of the Urmiya Dynasty of Persia
Succeeded her father as head of the Ahmadilit-dynasty.

  121?-18 Ruler Salbak Turhan of Uiguristan (Kazakstan)
The Qara-Khitai Empire with Samarkand as its capital covering present day’s Mongolia, Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other Central Asian Territories. In 1210 the Qara-Khitai Empire lost Transoxiana to the Khwarazim Shahdom, previously a vassal. The empire ended in 1218, when it was annexed  by the Mongol Empire of Chingiz Khan.

1218 Regent the Dowager Sultana of the Selsjuks in Aleppo (Syria)
Widow of Al-Zahir for son al-Aziz. Her troops was involved in the fight against the crusaders.

1236-40 Sultan Galalat ad-Din Begum Radiya bint Shamas al-Din Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate (Most of Northern India)
Also known Razia Begum or Radiyya Altamish, she was The daughter of the first Mameluk king of Delhi, Sultan Ilutmish, she came to the throne after deposing her brother and having him killed. She used the title al-dunya wa al din, which can be translated into “the blessed of the earthly world and of the faith”. She was a very able leader and military commander, but was deposed and executed in 1246/47.

  1236-42 Regent Dowager Princess Dayfa Khatun bint al-Adil Muhammadn of Yamkhad (Syria)
Dayfat Hatun was the widow of ad az-Zahir Ghazi Ghiyath ud-Din I, who ruled (1186-1216) and after the death of her son, al-‘Aziz Muhammad Ghiyath ud-Din II (1216-1236) she became regent for her grandson al-Nasr II Yusuf Salah ad-Din (1236-1260). The capital of the Kingdom was Aleppo, an ancient city in northwestern Syria, about 130 km east of Antiochia.

  From 1237 Regent the Dowager Sultana of the Selsjuks in Aleppo (Syria)
for Sultan al-Nazir, fighting with the Latin kings and counts in the area.

  1241-… Joint Ruler Empress Kassi of Mali
According to custom, the emperor and the principal wife ruled jointly. She was married to her paternal cousin, Suleyman (1241-60), and was extremely popular with the royal court. After her husband divorced her in order to marry the commoner Bendjou, she rallied support of the noble ladies, who refused to pay homage to the new Empress. Kassi was then forced to seek refuge in a mosque, where she initiated a revolt, which ended in the defeat of her Faction.

  1241-48 Grand Khanum Regnant Törägänä of the Qagans of China
Also known as Töregene Khâtûn, she was head of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, which ruled most of China and Chinese Turkestan. Her son, Guyuk, was Khan 1246-48.

  1242-46 Regent Dowager Khanum Ebüskün of Qara Khitai (Turkestan)
For Qara Hülägü. The dynasty used to rule over a vast empire, but had been forced back to present day’s Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

  1248-51 Empress Khanum Hatun Ogul Gamys of The Yuan Dynasty in China
Also known as Oghul Qamish or Ghaimish. After the death of her husband, Greath Khan Güyük, she became  regent for her three young sons Qucha, Naqu and Qughu and thereby became ruler over parts of China, Mongolia, Tibet, Kazakstan and Turkestan. In 1250 she received three envoys of Louis IX of France. She accepted their presents as a tribute and demanded that the king of France made more explicit submission to her. In 1251 fighting broke out between rival Factions of the ruling family, she was convicted of sorcery, sewn up in a sack and drowned in 1252.

Unnamed Sultana 1249-50 Regent Shajarat al-Dur of Egypt and Syria
1250 Sultan Regnant (Queen of the Muslims)
1250-57 Co-ruler

In 1249, the French army under Louis IX of France attacked Egypt. Shagrat who was regent for her husband Salih, who was in Damascus, organized the defence of the realm. After her husband’s death his son Turan became ruler, but she retained control, and defeated  the Crusaders at Damietta. The leaders of the army plotted against Turan and have him murdered. On May 2, 1250, they put Shagrat al-Durr on the throne, thus beginning the Mamluk dynasty. As sultan she has coins struck in name, and she is mentioned in weekly prayers in mosques. These two acts only can be done for the person who carries the title of sultan, but the Caliphate at Baghdad did not approve of Shagrat, who stepped down after for only two months. But she married her successor Aibak, a Mamluk soldier. Reports tell of their great love for one another, and for seven years she continued to rule. An historian who lived at the time comments: “She dominated him, and he had nothing to say.” Shagrat continued to sign the sultan’s decrees, has coins struck in both their names, and dared to be addressed as Sultana. She was killed 1257 apparently after having murdered her husband.


  1252-61 Regent Dowager Khanum Organa Hatum of the Khanate of the Eastern Turkiut (Xinjiang) and of Qara Khitai (China, Mongolia, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) and of Khurasan (Iran)
Head of the Ghafa Sid Horde (or Qara Khitai/ Chagataiid Horde) and ruled over a vast territory after the death of Qara Hulegu as successor of Qara Hulegu, who reigned 1247-52 and 1252. She was succeeded by Khan Alughu. Her name also spelled as Orqina Khatum.

  1255-57 Regent Dowager Khanum Boraqcin of Hwarizim Sahi (or the Khanate of Kipchak) (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan)
Widow of Batu, who was khan (1227-55). When he died in 1255 his son and heir, Sartaq, had gone to pay court to Grand Khan Mongka, his father’s friend. But he died before he could return home to the Khanate of Kipchak. Mongka nominated the young prince Ulagci, who was either the brother or son of Sartaq, and made Boraqchin regent of the Mongol tribe (The Golden Horde) in West Turkestan, roughly covering present day Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Unnamed Persian Lady 1257-82 Regent Dowager Sultan Turhan Hatun ‘Ismat ad-Duyan Wa’l-Din of Qutlug Khan (Iran)
Also known as Qutlug or Kutlugh, she ruled as regent for son Sultan Haggag (Hağğağ) until 1267, and afterwards alone. She had the khutba (prayer for the sovereign) proclaimed in the mosques, the ultimate sign of legitimate reign. She was deposed by Ahmad Teguder and replaced by her stepson as ruler of Qutluq Khan or Kirman. Her daughter, Padisha, later reigned the Kingdom of Kirman.

  1260-62 Regent Dowager Princess Turhan Hatun of Banu-Salgar (Iran)
The Mongol Empire after 1260 laid fragmented as the four Mongol states  – the Golden Horde in the west, Il-Khans in Persia, Chagatai empire in Mongolia, and Kublai Khan in China – and the Mongols in Persia were further divided into a number of smaller states in addition to the Il-Khans. One of them was Banu-Salgar.

 

1261-63 Regent Dowager Princess Terken Khatun of Fars (Iran)

After the death of her husband, Atabeg Sa’d II bin Abi Bakr bin Sa’d bin  Zangi, she was duly confirmed by ruler of Fars by the Ilkhan Hülegü. She then married a kinsman, presumably as part of some now forgotten dynastic pact, but he killed her in a drunken frenzy and subsequently rebelled against the Ilkhan. After his defeat and death in 1263/64, Hülegü nominated her infant daughter, Abish Khatun to be the ruler of Fars.


Persian Woman

1263-75 Atabeg Regnant Abisha Hadud Khatun of Fars (Iran)
1283-87 Governor of Fars

Also known as Abish Khatun or Aubee Khatton, she was nominated as ruler by the Ilkhan of the Khwarazham Empire in Persi, after her mother, Terken Khatun, was killed. Her name was read in the khutha and struck on the coinage. In 1274, when she was about fifteen, she was taken to the Ilkhan’s ordu (Court), and married to Tash-Möngke (Mengü Temür), a younger son of Hülegü This was a marriage, forbidden in Islamic law, between a Muslim woman and a shamanist, but presumably the will of the Ilkhan transcended all other considerations. She became his chief wife and had two daughters by him, Kürdüjin and Alghanchi. When her husband was sent as governor to Fars, she was retained in the ordu, but 1283, the new Ilkhan, Ahmad Tegüder (1282-84), recalled him from Shiraz and appointed her in his place. Her financial recklessness, coinciding with a drought throughout Fars, meant that she defaulted on her revenue payments, so that Ahmad Tegüder’s successor, Arghun (1284-91), ordered her to appear at the ordu. Perhaps relying on the good offices of Öljei Khatun, Hülegü’s widow, to protect her from the Ilkhan’s wrath, she declined to go and behaved outrageously toward the officials sent to supersede her. She was eventually forced to capitulate and submitted to the Ilkhan (Öljei Khatun did indeed intercede for her), dying at the ordu in 1287, after having lived (ca. 1269-87).


  1285-87 Maat Layla Sultan of Harrar (Ethiopian Sup state)
Succeeded her brother as head of the Semitic speaking Islamic Ethiopian Boarder State.

  1291-95 Safwad al dunya wa ad-Din Padshah Hatun of Qutlugh Khan (Iran)
Padshah became ruler and took the title Safwad al dunya wa ad-Din (Purity of the earthly world and of the faith) after Djalal da-Din Abu’l-Muzzafar was deposed as head of the Mongol tribe, which reigned in the southeastern Iran. She had her stepbrother Suyurghatamish arrested and eventually killed. She was daughter of Kitlugh Turkan or Turkan Khatun, Queen of Qutlugh Khan or Kirman (1257-82). In 1295 her husband’s successor Great Khan Baydo of the Ilkhan dynasty, had her put to death on the advise of the leader of Suyurghatamish’s clan, his widow, Khurdudjin.

Unnamed Chinese lady 1307 Dowager Empress Khanum Bulugan of the YuanDynasty in China
She was widow of Temur Oljetu (Cheng Tsung) who ruled (1294-1307) as successor to Khubilaikhan (Shizu) and acted as regent for her step-grandson Wu Tsung, also known as Khaishan or Hai San. She was born as Princess Bulukhan of the Baya’ud.

  1316-17 Regent and Principal Minister Qutlug Sah Hatun of Persia and Iraq
After the death of her husband, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammed Uljaytu (1282-1304-16) the 8th Il Khan she was regent for their son, ‘Ala al-Dunaya wa ‘l-din Abu Said (1304-1317-1335). The dynasty had reigned Persia and Iraq  China since Kubilai Khan of Mongolia and China appointed his brother, Halagu (1256-1265) as tributary sub-ruler. With the death of Abu Sa’id the Il-lkhanid dynasty in Iran virtually came to an end.

  1316 Ruler Dawlat Khatun of Luristan (Persia)
Succeeded her husband, Izz al-Din Muhammad, the 13th sovereign of the Mongol Bani Kurshid dynasty, which ruled Luristan in southwestern Persia. She proved to be a poor administrator, and therefore she abdicated after a short period in favour of her brother-in-law, Izz al-Din Hassan.

 

1325-36 Politically Influential Baghdad Khatun of the Ilkhanate in Persia (Iran)

First married to Shaykh Hasan Buzurg, founder of the Jalayirid dynasty, whom she married in 1323. Two years later, they divorced on the orders of her uncle, Abu Said, the Ilkhan, and they married in 1327, and now enjoyed a period of unprecedented power as the harem favorite, even acquiring the honorific title of Khudawandigar [sovereign]. 1331-32, she briefly fell from grace because of accusations that she had plotted the assassination of Abu Said with her former husband, but in the following year she was restored to favour.  Another blow to her authority came in 734/1333-34, when Abu Sa’id married her niece, Dilshad Khatun, and elevated the latter to the rank of principal wife. She displayed her resentment at her diminished status and when, according to Ibn Battuta, Abu Sa’id died in 1335, she was accused of poisoning him and was beaten to death in her bathhouse either by order of his amirs or his successor, Arpa.


  1332-33 Regent Dowager Empress Khanum Ptashali of  the YuanDynasty of China
Leader of the Qagans Mongolian Dynasty which ruled most of China and surrounding territories, during the reigns of Irinjibal (1332) and Toghon Temur (1333-70). In 1368 the Yuans were replaced by the Ming Dynasty after a period of internal revolt.

A contemporary picture of an unnamed Persian queen 1338-39 Acting Caliph Governor and Principal MinisterSati Beg Hatun of the Mongols Il Khans Empires in Persia (Iran)
Used the title Al-sultana al-radila Sati Bek Khan Khallad Allah mulkaha – The just sultana Sati Bek, may Allah perpetuate her reign, and was daughter and sister of some of the earlier rulers. After Mohammad was overthrown, she took power and married Suleiman, who became titular co-ruler. The Mongols Il Khans controlled Persia  as a sort of local Mongol authority under the Great Horde.

Unnamed Ethiopian Lady Ca.1344-ca.52 Sultan Regnant Mo’at Laila of Ifat (East Shoa, Ethiopian Substate)
The Muslim sultanate situated in the northeastern Shewan foothills was one of the boarder-states threatening the Ethiopian state but it was about one hundred years later.

  1348-79 Sultan and Maha Radun Malikat Rahandi Kambadi-Kilagi of the Maldive Islands, Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of the
twelve-thousand islands
One of three daughters of Sultan Salah ad-Din Salih Albendjaly, who was succeeded by her brother. The vizier ‘Abdallah al-Muhammad al-Hazrami married the sultan’s mother, and had him put to death. Meanwhile, Khadija had married Jamal-ud-din, who managed to take over the reigns of power for his wife. As vizier he issued orders in her name. Succeeded by sister, Myriam.

  1366-71 Regent Khanum Beng Shi of Yuan China
For the pretender Ming Sheng.

  1370-73 Khanum Regnant Tulun Beg of the Golden Horde in Russia and Serbia
Member of the Akurdu Dynasty.

  1379-81 Sultan Myriam Raadafati Kambadi Kilege of the Maldive Islands
Also known as Queen Siri Suvama Abaarana. Her sister, Sultan Khadija, reigned three times beginning in 1337. Myriam was the last of the Lunar Dynasty and was deposed by a Moslem cleric by the name of Fagi Mohamed son of Kaeumani Kaulhannaa Kilege of Maakuratu, who was succeeded by his daughter Daainu Kambaa in 1383.

  1383-88 Sultan Malikat Daainu Kambaa Radafati Kambadi-Kilagi of the Maldive Islands
Also known as Fatima, she was daughter of Sultana Myriam, who was deposed by Fagi Mohamed in 1381. Daainu was deposed by her husband who ascended the throne as Sultan Abdulla II and reigned a month and a half before being assassinated by Osman of Fehendu.

Unnamed North African Lady 14…. Tribal Leader Lalla Aziza in Morocco

Very influential during her lift-time in her Berban tribe, she is now considered a saint who protects chasseurs and the aèdes berbères.

 


  14…. Malika Tindu of the Jallarid Dynasty (Iraq)
Ruled sometime during the 15th century, and had the khubta – Friday’s prayers – preached in her name.

Unnamed Muslim Lady 1411-19 Governor and Sultan Tandu of Baghdad (Iraq)
Also known as Tindu, she belonged to the Jalarid Dynasty, a branch of the Ilkhan Mongol rulers, and daughter of king Awis. She was first married to al-Zahir Barquq, the last Mamluk king of Egypt. She did not like life in Cairo and her husband let her go back to Baghdad, where she married her cousin Shah Walad bin Ali, the Governor for the Caliph, and after his death she acceded to the throne, had coins stuck in her name and the khutba (sovereign’s prayer) proclaimed in her name in the mosques. She was one of the last Mongol rulers in the area.

  1432 Regent Dowager Sultana Aisha Sia of Ternate (Indonesia)
After the death of her husband Paduka Sri Sultan Bessi Muhammad Hasan,Kaicili Komalo Pulu, Sultan of Ternate (1377-1432), who established himself as paramount ruler of the Moluccas, taking the title of Kolano ma-Lukku in 1380, for grandson Kaicili Ngolo-ma-Kaya, who succeeded as Paduka Sri Sultan Gapi Baguna II. She was daughter of another sultan of the state.

Unnamed Arab Lady Around 1450 Chieftainess Sharifa Fatima of the Zaydi (Yemen)
The daughter of the religious leader, Imam al-Zayel al-Nasir Li Din Allah, she and her tribe took San’a by force of arms in the mid 15th century.

  1461-70 Regent Dowager Sultana Mhduma Gahan of Bahmani Sahi (India)
For Nizanu Shah (d. 1463) and Sams ad-Din Muhamed Shah II (1463-82).

Unnamed Muslim Lady 1467 Princess Regnant Bigum Hatun of Qara Quyünlü (Iraq)
Ruler of a Turkish Tribe in  Mesopotamia

  1470-ca. 92 Regent Khatun Mandughai of Mongolia
Also known as Mandugaya Setsen Khantun, she was widow of Grand Khan Mandaghol, the 27th successor of Jengis Khan, who was succeeded by his nephew, Bolkho, in 1467. When he was assassinated three years later, the mother of his five-year-old son, Dayan Qagani, had deserted the child, and Mandughai took him under her protection, proclaimed him khan, and became his regent. She assumed command of the Mongol troops and defeated their enemy, the Oirat. In 1481 she married Dayan, and 1491-92 she again lead the army to fend off the Orat.

  1470-90 We Ban-ri Gau Daeng Marawa Makalappi Bisu-ri La Langpili Patta-ri La We Larang , Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia)
Styled Arung Majang before her accession on the death of her father. Her ceremonial name was Malajangi-ri China, and she was mother of two sons.

  1470-… Sultana Narisa Malik uz-Zahir of Samudra Pasai Kesepulih (Indonesia)
Daughter of Sultan Kadir al Malik uz-Zahir ibnu al-Marhum of Pasai and married to Sultan Muhammad of Aceh, who reigned (1465-77)

Valide Sultan in the 1400s

1481-92 Amina Gul-Bahar Khanum Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

The Valide Sultan was the mother of the sultan, and had an important place in the imperial family. In some aspects she was considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire. She was married to Mohammed II and mother of Bajazet (1481-1512), and lived (1434-94)


Spanish Muslim lady

1482-92 Regent ‘A’isha al-Hurra of Cordova (Spain)

Gained support from the nobles and military leaders to depose her husband, ‘Ali abu al-Hasan (reigned 1461-82), who was being infatuated by his Christian concubine, Isabella, who had converted to Islam and taken the name of Soraya. Her son, Muhammad Abu ‘Abdallah was proclaimed as caliph. She played a prominent role in the last years of the Muslim reign in the south of Spain, which was conquered by their Catholic majesties, Isabel I of Castilla and Fernando of Aragon.


  1482-1530 President of the Regency Council The Makhduma-e-Jahan of The Bahmani Deccan (Oudh) (India)
As Dowager Queen, she was Regent for son Mahmud Shah Bahmani, who ascended the throne at the age of 12 years, when some usurpers had been overthrown.

Unnamed Muslim Woman 15.. Princesss Regnant Nur Begum of Hunza (Afganistan)
The daughter of Girkis Han, she ruled for 12 years of the mountainous region on the boarder to China. Succeeded by nephew Ayaso I.

Unnamed North African Lady 1510-52 Governor Sayyida al-Hurra of Tetouán (Morocco)
First confirmed as prefect and then appointed governor of the city state of Tetouán (“Hakima Tatwan”). She was the undisputed leader of the pirates in the western Mediterranean. She was married to Sultan Al-Mandri and after his death she married Ahmad al-Wattasi, who reigned (1524-49). After her first husband’s death, she gained the title al-hurra (Sovereign Lady). She was member of the Andalusian noble family, Banu Rashid, who immigrated to Morocco after the Christian conquest of Muslim Spain. She was deposed in 1552.

 

1520-34 Gulbehar Hatun Mahidevran Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Also known as Aisha Hafsa Khanum, she was  mother of Suleiman II, the son of Selim I. In some aspects the Valide Sultan was considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire.


  1521-32 Regent The Dowager Queen Njai Tjili of Ternate (Indonesia)
Regent for sons Deijalo and Bohejat. In 1532 Prince Kaitjil became sultan.

Roxelana of the Ottoman Empire 1523-58 De-facto Ruler Kadin Roxelana of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Very influential during the reign of her husband Sultan Süleiman II (1520-66). She had originally been bought as a slave by Süleiman’s friend Ibrahim Pascha. The Pascha later gave her to the Sulatan as a gift. she is believed to have been born in Russia and lived (ca. 1507-58)

1529-30 Regent Dowager Sultan Dudu of Janupur (India)

After the death of her husband, Muhammed, she was regent for Galal Han, who was deposed in 1533. Under her family’s reign, the state became the home of Muhammadan culture and refuge for men of letters. She was killed in 1530.


Ethiopian Lady 1543-52 Regent Dowager Sultana Bat’ial Dël Wanbara of Harar (Ethiopia)
In charge of the territory after her husband, Imam Ahmad had been killed. She reigned jointly with ‘Ali Jarad. She had accompanied her husband on his expeditions of conquest in the Christian highlands. At times she had to be carried on their shoulders up and down steep and rocky mountain slopes, twice in a state of pregnancy. She gave birth to Muhammad in 1531 and Ahmad two years later. After the defeat and death of her husband and the capture of her young son Muhammad, she fled to the north-west of Lake Tana, and eventually succeeded in returning to Harar, then at the center of Adal power. Her first task was to make arrangements for the exchange of her eldest son Muhammad for Emperor Galawdewo’s brother, Minas. Del Wanbara was determined to revenge her husband’s death and, nine years later, agreed to marry the Emir of Harar, Nur Ibn Mujahid, son of her first husband’s sister, seeing in him the best prospect of achieving her aim. Emir Nur began by rebuilding Harar, which had been sacked, and enclosed the town with a wall which can be seen to this day. Having reorganized his forces, he undertook a new conquest of the Christian highlands and, in 1559, killed Emperor Galawdewos in battle. She was daughter of Imam Mehefuz, governor of Zayla andde facto ruler of the state of Adal. She married Imam Ahmad and, ignoring the protests of his soldiers,

1544-? Politically influential Mihrumâh Sultana of theOttoman Empire
Only daughter of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent by Hürrem Sultan. Her father ored his her, and complained with her every wish. She married Rüstem Paþa, Governor-General of Diyarbakýr, who was shortly afterwards appointed grand vizier. According to Ottoman historians, Hürrem, Mihrumâh and Rüstem Paþa conspired to bring about the death of Þehzade Mustafa, who stood in the way of Mihrumâh Sultan’s influence over her father. The fact that Mihrumâh encouraged her father to launch the campaign against Malta, promising to build 400 galleys at her own expense; that like her mother she wrote letters to the King of Poland; and that on her father’s death she lent 50.000 gold sovereigns to Sultan Selim to meet his immediate needs, illustrate the political power which she wielded.  Her husband was grand vizier in the periods 1544-1553 and 1555-1561, and she and her mother formed an inner circle in the government which evidently influenced the sultan’s decisions particularly in issues concerning the succession and the future of the sultanate. They were accused of putting pressure on her father to execute his eldest surviving son, Mustafa. At that critical point when Sultan Süleyman was faced with open protest from the army and negative public opinion following the murder of Mustafa, Süleyman was forced to replace his son-in-law in the position of grand vizirate with Kara Ahmed Pasha, a war hero and favourite of the army. But within two years under pressure from the inner circle under Hürrem, Kara Ahmed was eliminated and Rustem resumed the grand vizirate, keeping the office until his death in 1561.

  Ca. 1545-ca.1570/80 Sultan Hudah bint Sarmah al-Fasi of Fazzan (Libya)
Grandchild of Muhamad al-Fasi Fezzan. The state mainly consisted of oases in the Sahara Desert, and the population is largely Arab, with Berber and black African influence. Located on caravan routes connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Sudan, Fazzan was  long important in the trans-Saharan trade. From the early 16th to the early 19th century  it was the center of the Bani Muhammad dynasty, which originated in Morocco.

Unnamed Tartar Lady 1549-51 Regent Dowager Princess Syun Beka of Kazan (Russia)
Regent for son. Today Kazan is the capital of the Russian Republic of Tatarstan.

  1556-64 Regent for the Governor Mah Cucak Bigum of Kabul, Afganistan
Reigned for Governor Miza Muhammad Hakim (1556-85) hereditary representative of the Grand Mogul of India. She was murdered in 1565

Unnamed Mughal Lady 1560-62 De-facto regent Maham Anga of the Mughal Empire (India)

The chief nurse of Emperor Akbar, she gained influence after she convinced Akbar to dismiss his minister, Bairam. Her power began to wane in 1561, when Akbar appointed Atkah Khan as chief minister. Five months later her son, Adham Khan, Akbar’s foster-brother, attempted to assassinate Atkah Khan, but was executed, and she died shortly after, and the emperor, who was now 19 ruled alone from then on.


1574-83 Politically Influential Nurbanu Sultan Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Nur Banu took an active part in the governance of the empire as the chief advisor of her son, Murad III. Of Italian origin, she was married to Selim III, and lived (1530-83).  (or to 1595)


Amina of Zaria 1576-1610 Queen Amina Sarauniya of Zazzua, Zaria and Abuja
1580-82 Queen of Kano (Nigeria)
Probably the granddaughter of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir. Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states which dominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai empire to the west. At the age of sixteen, Amina became the heir apparent (Magajiya) to her mother, Bakwa of Turunku, the ruling Queen of Zazzua. With the title came the responsibility for a ward in the city and daily councils with other officials. Although her mother’s reign was known for peace and prosperity, Amina also chose to learn military skills from the warriors. Queen Bakwa died around 1566 and the reign of Zazzua passed to her younger brother Karama. At this time Amina emerged as the leading warrior of Zazzua cavalry. Her military achievements brought her great wealth and power. When Karama died after a ten-year rule, Amina became Queen of Zazzua. She set off on her first military expedition three months after coming to power and continued fighting until her death. In her thirty-four year reign, she expanded the domain of Zazzua to its largest size ever. Lived (ca. 1533-ca- 1610)

Persian Queen 1577-80 Regent Dowager Queen Mahid-I Uliyah of Persia

Regent for Esmâil II (1576-78) and Shah Mohammed Khodâbanda (1578-87) of the Safavid Dynasty, which was of Turkmen origin and established themselves first at Tabriz, which had been the capital of the Mongol Il Khans, in Turkish speaking Azerbaijanistan. They also brought the Shi’ite branch of Islam to Persia.


Unnamed Indian Princess 1580-90 Regent Dowager Sultana Cand Bibi of Bijapur(India)
1596-99 Regent of
Ahmadnagar
After her husband, ‘Ali ‘Adil Shah II, was killed in 1580, she was regent for her nephew, Ibrahim ‘Adil Shah II, and ruled with great prudence and intelligence till the young king came of age. When order was restored in Bijapur kingdom, Chand Bibi went back to her motherland Ahmadnagar, where the ruler, Murtada Shah, died at a moment when the foreign relations of the state were strained to breaking-point and was imminent, she returned to Bijapur, and mustered some reliable troops in consideration of the defence of Ahmadnagar fort against the mighty army of the Mughals led by their able general. After this great defence, Chand Bibi came to be known as Chand Sultana. Later the Mughals succeeded to turn the troops of Chand Bibi and had a siege over Ahmadnagar in 1008/1599. This time, emperor Akbar himself rushed to Deccan and pitched his tents outside the city. Chand Bibi became desperate and resisted the Mughal attacks with such courage that the invaders were repelled at many places. At length, Hamid Khan, the traitor allowed the Mughal force to enter Ahmadnagar, and entered the palace of Chand Bibi to kill her. At that moment of disaster, Chand Bibi came out of her apartments and fought bravely and was killed, and thus, Ahmadnagar was captured by the Mughals in 1600. She was daughter of Hussain NIzam shah of Ahamadnagar, and lived (1550-99).

  1584-1616 Raja Ijau I of Patani (Thailand)
Also known as Ratu Hijau “The Green Queen”, she succeeded brother as ruler of the Malayan kingdom-sultanate, and was succeeded by sister in 1616. Her aunt, Raja A’isyah had sometime been regent for Sultan Bahdur after Sultan Manzur Syah who ruled (1564-73). She was succeded by sister.

Unnamed Ottoman Sultana

1595-1603 Politically Influential Safiye Vailde Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Took an active part in the governance of the empire as the chief advisor of her sons  Murad III and Mehmed III. She lived (1550-1605)


Unnamed Ottoman Sultana 1603-05 De-facto Ruler Handam Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Her full title was Daulatlu Ismatlu Hansam Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, and she was very powerful during the reign of Ahmed Khan I (1613-17), and lived (1576-1605).

 

1607-09 Sultan Kuda Kala Kamanafa’anu, Sultana of Land and Sea,Lady of the Thousand Islands and Sultans of the Maldive Islands

In spite of the fact that the island was Islamic, the rulers continued to use ancient Sanskrit titles alongside their Islamic styles until the middle of the twentieth century. The sultanate was attacked by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century but regained its independence in 1573. They also fell prey to the marauding raids of the Ali Rajas of Cannanore, who frequently kidnapped princes and influential nobles and carried them off to the Laccadives. Although close trading relations were established with the Dutch in Sri Lanka, the Maldives remained aloof from the Western powers for another two centuries. She was never secure as ruler due to a long civil war. She died at sea or on Mahibadu Island, Ari Atol, while on pilgrimage to give alms.

  1607-27 Panembahan Putri Bunku of Sukudana (Indonesia)
Succeeded husband.

 

After 1609-before 1630 Sri Paduka Ratu Sepudak of Sambas (Indonesia)
A descendant of the Majapahit Kings and the last Hindu ruler of the kingdom. Her youngest daughter, Putri Mas Ayu Bungsu’s husband, Radin Sulaiman, became Sultan of Sambas. He was son of the Sultan of Brunei.

Nur Jahan 1611-28 De-facto Ruler Empress Nur Jahan of India
Married to the Mughul Emperor Jahangir, she  was an excellent conversationalist, a fine judge of Persian poetry and a poet herself. Her accomplishments made her an irresistible companion for the emperor. Nur Jahan was a patron of painting and architecture whose interests also extended to the decoration of rooms as well as the designing of ornaments, brocades, rugs and dresses. After his death in 1627 she resided in Lahore until her own death. Born as Mehr un-Nissa in Persia. (d. 1645)

  1616-24 Raja Ratu Biru of Patani (Thailand)
In 1584, Patani entered its golden age with the rule of four successive Queens, Ratu Hijau (“The Green Queen”), Ratu Biru (“The Blue Queen”), Ratu Ungu (“The Violet Queen”) and Ratu Kuning (“The Yellow Queen”). Biru was the second of three sisters on the throne.

  1617-18 and 1622 Naib-i-Sultanat (Regent) Valide Sultana II of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Sultan Ahmed Khan I (1603-17), she was regent for son. Mustapha Khan I (1717-23). She was born in Europe, and lived (1576-1623).

 

1618-20 Kahadija Mahfiruz Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Also known as Daulatlu Mahfiruz, her full title as mother sultan Osman II, was Daulatlu Ismatlu Mahfiruz Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari. In some aspects the Valide Sultan was considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire. She lived (1590-1620)


  1623-32 Naib-i-Sultanat (Regent) Kösem Mahpeyker Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
1632-51 De-facto regent
Her full name and title was Daulatlu Ismatlu Kulsum Mahpeyker Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari.Kösem was regent for son Murad, (1623-40) who succeeded at the age of 11, for Ibrahim (1640-48) who was mentally disturbed and for grandson Mehmed IV, who succeeded at the age of 7 in 1648. In 1651 she plotted against her daughter-in-law, but was killed instead. Of Greek origin, she lived (1589-1651)

  1624-35 Raja Ratu Ungu of Patani (Thailand)
During the reign of the of three sisters the Malayan Kingdom-Sultanate wasexpanded its borders to include Kelantan and Trengganu and became the most powerful Malay state after Johor. It was during this time that Patani became renowned for manufacturing cannon, producing three of the largest bombards ever cast in the region – ‘Mahalela’, ‘Seri Negara’ and ‘Seri Petani’. With each measuring over six metres in length. Also known as “The Violet Queen”, she was succeeded by daughter.

Unnamed Maharani From 1626 Regent Aayat Bahs Bigum of Golkonda (India)
After the death of her husband, she became regent for Sultan Abd Allah (1613-26-72). The Golkonda state broke from Gulbarga in 1518 and remained independent under eight sultans until 1687 when it was conquered by the Great Mughal Aurangzeb.

  1632/33 Sultan Alimah I of Nzwani, Comoro Islands
Formerly known as Anjouan, an Island in the  Mozambique Channel off north west Madagascar  between Mayotte and Njazídja in the  Indian Ocean. The hilly island is only  424 square kilometers.

Procession of the Queen of Patani 1635-88 Raja Ratu Kuning of Patani (Thailand)
Known as “The Yellow Queen”, she succeeded her mother Queen Raja Ungu as the last of four succesive Queens. During her reign the country fell into gradual decline. This decline probably prompted her to submit to Siam as a vassal state and send the ‘Bunga Mas’ to Ayutthya. She died without an heir and the country descended into decades of political chaos and conflict. Fortunately for Patani, Siam was too weak to take advantage of the situation, being too busy driving off crippling Burmese invasions into her territory, culminating in the pillaging and complete destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767.

  Around 1635 Datu We Tan-ri Sui of Mario-ri Wawo (Indonesia)
Daughter of  I-Dangka We Tan-ri Tuppu, Arumpone of Bone (1590- 1607) and her husband and successor  La Tan-ri Ruwa Paduka Sri Sultan Adam (1607-08). She was married to La Pakkou To’ Angkone Taddampali, Prince of Bone and their son became Sultan and Arumpone of Bone in 1672, at a time when he had already succeeded her as Datu of Mario-ri Wawo. He lived (1635-96). It is not known when she lived.

Name plate of Sultan Safiat 1641-75 H.H. Paduka Sri Sultana Ratu Safiat ud-din Taj ul-‘Alam Shah Johan Berdaulat Zillu’llahi fi’l-‘Alam binti al-Marhum Sri Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam Shah, Sultana of Aceh (North Sumatra) (Indonesia)
Born as Raja Permusairi Putri Sri ‘Alam, she was installed on the death of her husband and relative, Paduka Sri Sultan Iskandar Thani ‘Ala ud-din Mughayat Shah Johan Berdaulat Zillu’llahi fi’l-‘Alam ibnu al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Shah, who had succeeded her father, Sultan Iskander, in 1636. She lost Pahang to Johor soon after her accession. Her reign ushered in half a century of rule under women sovereigns, beginning with her husband’s other widow, ‘Taj ul-Alam. Her female successors, were all chosen by the increasingly powerful regional nobles and territorial magnates unwilling to submit to surrender power to a strong ruler. All four were chosen after they had past childbearing age, so that husbands or sons could not establish themselves in the supreme authority. Her throne name Safiat ud-din Taj ul-‘Alam Shahmeans “Purity of the Faith, Crown of the World”, and she was succeeded by Sultana Nagiat, and (d. 1675)

  1651-56 Naib-i-Sultanat (Regent) Khadija Turhan Hadice Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Had been Valide Sultan since 1648, and took over as regent for her son, Mehmed IV (1648-51-87) after her mother-in-law was killed. As her predecessor as regent, she took part in the deliberations in the Imperial Diet seated behind a curtain, she authorized all appointments and cooperated closely with the Grand Vizier as “The Guardian and Representative of the Sultan”. Of Russian origin, she lived (1627-83).

Unnamed Zanzibar Lady 1652-1697 Sultan Fatimah of North Zanzibar (Tanzania)
Succeeded Sultan Bakiri, her brother, who had been sultan of the whole island. In 1652 Sultan ibn Seif of Oman drove her off the island, but for the next forty years, the Portuguese continued to maintain the upper hand and she was soon able to return to Zanzibar. In 1697 the Arabs captured Zanzibar and took her prisoner, deporting to her Muscat. After 10 years she was allowed to return, but her island remained under Arab control.

Unnamed Central Asian Khanum 1662-67 Regent Dowager Fatima Sultan Saiyia Burhan of Kasimov/ Borjegin-Sibil (The Golden Horde) (Russia)
1677-81 Sultan Regnant
Also known as Sultana Sayyidovna , she was first regent or Saiyia Burhan, before becoming ruler of the Ilkhan Kingdom of Qasim in Central Asia in her own right and had the Khutba (sovereign’s prayer) proclaimed in her name in the mosques, the ultimate sign of legitimate rule. She was a descendant of the Tatars golden horde and said to be the last Mongol sovereign. The state was annexed by the Russian 1681 and she died the same year.

Princess Rashanara Begum 1662 De-facto Ruler Imperial Princess Rashanara Begum of the Indian Mongul Empire
Seized the power during the illness of the Emperor Aurangzer.

Unnamed Noble Muslim Lady 1675-77 H.H. Paduka Sri Sultana Naqiat ud-din Nur ul-‘Alam Shah, Sultana of Aceh Dar us-Salam (Indonesia)
Granddaughter of Sultan ‘Ali Mughayat II Ri’ayat Shah, who ruled 1604-07, and married Laksamana ‘Abdu’r Rahman bin Zainal Abidin, Orang Kaya Kaya Maharaja Lela Melayu, son of Zainal Abidin bin Daim Mansur, Tengku of Ribee. Perhaps mother of Sultan ‘Ala ud-din Ahmad Shah Johan Badr Berdaulat, but she was succeeded by Sultana Zaqiyat. Her Throne-name Naqiat ud-din Nur ul-‘Alam Shah means Light of the world, Purity of the Faith. (d. 1677)

  Ca. 1676-ca. 1711 Sultan Alimah II of Nzwani, Comoro Islands
Arabic-style sultanates developed in Nzwani as early as the sixteenth century with different areas of the island first ruled by chiefs known as Fani. Later, the chiefs were involved in conflicts and appealed to Europeans to intercede on their behalf. Eventually, in 1886, the island became a French protectorate and was formally annexed by France to its possessions in 1909.

  1678-88 H.H. Paduka Sri Sultana Zaqiyat ud-din ‘Inayat Shah binti al-Marhum Raja Mahmud Shah, Sultana of Aceh Dar us-Salam (Indonesia)
Succeeded sultana Naqiat. She was daughter of Raja Mahmud Shah bin Raja Sulaiman Shahand and married to a great-grandson of Sultan Mukmin, who reigned 1579. Succeeded by her sister, Sultana Zinat. Sultana Zaqiyat (d. 1688).

  1680s Sultan Nur al-Azam of Sulu (Philippines)
Sulu is an archipelago in the extreme southwestern corner of the Philippines, just east of Sabah (Malaysia), the northeast corner of Borneo. The region is the home of a people outsiders call Moros, a feroce and deeply independent sea-going nation; it was never conquered by the Spanish authorities in the Philippines. She succeeded Salah ud-Din Bakhtiyar and was succeeded by al-Haqunu.

  1687-91 Regent H.H. Sultana Mariyam Kaba’afa’anu Rani Kilege of the Maldive Islands
After the having poisoned her husband, Iskander Ibrahim, she became regent for their infant son, Sultan Muhammad I. She was killed off Dunidu Island when a spark from a victory salute blew up a powder magazine, destroying the royal vessel in which she was sailing. Her son died shortly after of the wounds he received in the explosion that killed his mother.

Contemporary Picture of Saliha Dilasub

1687-89 Saliha Dilasub Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Her full title as mother of the sultan was Daulatlu IsmatluMahfiruzl Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, and in some aspects she was considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire. Mother of Süleiman II (1687-91), she lived (1627-89)


  1688-99 H.H. Paduka Sri Sultana Zinat ud-din Kamalat Shah binti al-Marhum Raja Umar of Aceh Dar us-Salam (Indonesia)
The last of four consecutive female rulers, she succeeded her sister-in-law, sultana Zaqiyat. Born as Putri Raja Setia, she was great-granddaughter of Sultan Mukmin, who ruled 1579. In 1699 Sayyid Ibrahim Habib, obtained a decree from Mecca stating that female rule was contrary to the tenets of Islam. He deposed her, married her and assumed the Sultanate. They had two sons who both became sultans.

Unnamed Ottoman Sultana

1695-1715 Mah-Para Ummatallah Rabia Gül-Nüz Ummetulla Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Mother of Mustafa II (1695-1703) and Ahmed III (1703-30). She did not play any major role during their reigns, but she was asked to approve and authorize the replacement of Mustafa by Ahmed, which she did. As the senior representative of the dynasty, her approval was considered to be imperative. Daughter of the Venetian Retimo Verzizzi, she lived (1647-1715).

  1700-07 Regent H.H Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Tara Bai Sahib Maharaj (Sita Bai Ali Sahib) of Satara (India)

In 1714 her son, H.H Kshatrtiya-Kulawatasana Sinhasanadhishwar Shrimant Raja Shahu Sambahaji II Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1698-1760), became ruler of Kolhapur. Tara Bai lived (1675-1761).


  1700-17.. Sultan Aisa of Ma’yuta (Mayotte, today a French Possession)
At a not known date, she was succeeded by daughter, Sultan Monavo.

  17.. Sultan Nyau wa Faume of Ngazidja (Comoro Islands)
The island is also known as Grande Comore.

  17… Sultan Adji di Kurin-dana Malaka of Berau (Indonesia)
Berau is a scarcely populated area in the Island of Borneo.

  17.. Inas Embun Serin of Undang Luak (Malaysia)
The state was one of nine minor states which joined in the Negeri Sembilan Confederation.

Unnamed Arab Lady 17.. Amira Ghaliyy al-Whhabiyya in Saudi Arabia
A Hanibali from Tarba, she led a military resistance movement to defend Mecca against foreign take over in the beginning of the 18th century. She was given the title of Amira, the female equivalent of the title of Amir – military leader.

  1704 Regent Princess Fatima of the Maldive Islands
When the news of the possible drowning of Isdu King Siri Muthei Ranmani Loka/ Sultan Ibrahim Mudhiruddine who after his abdication was known as Isdu Ibrahim Bodu Kilegefan, while returning from the Hajj pilgrimage reached Malé in 1704, his wife and regent Princess Fatima attempted to usurp the throne in her own right. Her rival and brother-in-law, Admiral-in-chief Hussain was banished to Naifaru. Fatima was however displaced from the Eterekoilu – the residence of the Sultans – by the Prime Minister Mohamed Faamuladeyri Thakurufan who was crowned as King Siri Kula Sundhura Siyaaka Sasthura – Sultan Mudzhaffar Mohamed Imaduddine II.

  1707-16 Raja Devi P’ra-Chao of Patani (Thailand)
Successor of the male ruler, Raja Emas Jayam Bagunda, who reigned 1704-07 and 1721-28.

  1714-1715, 1720, 1724-1738 and 1741-1749 H.H. Bata-ri Toja Daeng Talaga Sultana Zainab Zakiat ud-din, Arumpone of Bone 
1715 and 1728-1738 Ruler of Soppeng
1719-20 Datu of Luwu (Indonesia)
Succeeded her father, H.H. La Patau Paduka Sri Sultan Idris. Styled DatuChita and Arung Timurang before her accession and during the times she had vacated the throne. First abdicated in favour of her brother. After his deposition she again became ruler, but abdicated immediately in favour of her eldest half-brother. Restored for the third time on his deposition, in 1724. Married to Sultan Muharram Harun ar-Rashid of Sumbawa, Prince Pabukajuwa of Bone and Datu Ulaweng, Arung Zallieng, Adatuwang of Sidenreng, who was Regent of Bone 1724-1725, and finally to Daeng Mamuntuli, Arung Kayu, Regent of Bone 1726-1728. All but the third marriage ended in Divorce. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Tipuluna had no children, and she was succeeded by a female relative, Siti Nafisha, and lived (1687-1749).

  1723-47 Dato’ Putri Siti Awan Setiawanm I of Johol (Malaysia)
The state of Johol is one of the component states of the Negri Sembilan
Federation. Originally known as Pasir Besar, it was renamed Luak Johol in
1723. The ruler is one of the four traditional electors of the Yang
di-Pertuan of the Negri Sembilan federation. Setiawanm I was the first ruler and she was married to Dato’ Johan Pahlawan Lelei Perkasa Setia Wan.

Unnamed Kalmykian lady

1724-37 Regent Dowager Princess Dharmapala of The Volga Kalmyks (Lower Volga Area in Russia and Kazakstan)
1741-45 Regent

The first time she was regent for Cerlu Donduk, who reigned (1725-35) until he was deposed, the second time was after the death of Donduk Ombu, Prince of the Kalmykians. (d. 1741)

  1728-32 Rani Herrabichi Kadavube Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)
Succeeded by Rani Junmabe.

  1730-95 De facto Ruler Begum Mamola Bai of Bhopal (India)
1777 Regent
Exercised a dominant influence during the reign of her husband, Yar Mohammad Khan (1728-42) after their marriage. After his death, she was de facto ruler during the reign of her stepson Faiz Mohammad Khan, who concentrated on religious contemplation. After his death she acted as regent and quickly proclaimed Faiz’ brother, Hayat, as Nawab, but Faiz’ widow,Bahu Begum, lead a revolt and set up an alternative government which lasted until 1780. Also during Hayat’s reign she was the effective ruler, and it was she who took decisions on military campaigns and all other administrative affairs. She was born as a Hindu Rajput Princess, and lived (1715-95).

 

1730-39 Saliha Sabkati Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

After the death of Ahmed III a revolt of the Janissaries put her son with Mustafa II,Mahmud I (1750-54) on the throne, and she became Sultan Valide and in some aspects considered  joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire. Affairs of state were largely in the capable hands of the Nubian agha Beshir (1653–1746), who was the power behind a number of successive grand viziers At the tune Ottoman Empire was involved in wars with Persia. 1737 Emperor Karl IV entered the war with Russia on Russian side, but by the separate peace of Belgrade (1739) he restored North Serbia to Turkey. Mahmud was succeeded by his brother, Osman III. Saliha Sabkati  lived (1680-1739).


  1738-41 H.H. I-Danraja Siti Nafisah Karaeng Langelo, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia)
Succeeded Sultana Zainab Zakiat ud-din. She was second daughter of H.H. I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din, Sultan of Tallo, by his first wife, H.H. I-Tanitaja Siti Amira Maning Ratu, Arung Palakka and Heir Apparent of Bone, whose father was sultan 1720-21. Siti Nafisah died unmarried and lived (1729-41).

  1739-96 Politically Influential Nawab Aliya Sadrunissa Begum, Nawab Begum of Oudh (or Avadh) (India)
She was the oldest daughter of Burhan-ul-Mulk, Subedar of Avadh. Married to her cousin and father’s successor Mirza Muhammad Muqim (Safdar Jung) (1739-64) in around 1724. When her father died in 1839, Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in 1739, and the Avadh landlords and small chiefs who had been effectively subdued by her father, raised their heads and arms in the attempt to secure their individual independence. In his capacity as the Nawab of Avadh, her husband was hesitant to face them despite his superior military strength. Had it not been for Nawab Begum’s forceful promptings which eventually culminated in success, there may have been no further history of Avadh. Her court and courtiers maintained the peace and pomp of Faizabad. Her son, Shuja-ud-daula’s, died in 1775, and together with her daughter-in-law, Bahu Begum she secured the continued existance of the capital of Avadh, Faizabad. Imprisoned in 1781 by grandson together with daughter-in-law. She lived (Ca. 1712-96).

Unnamed Volga Kalmykian 1741 Regent Dowager Princess Gan of The Volga Kalmuks (Lower Volga Area) (Russia)
Regent for Kandul, who reigned in 1741. Gan later converted to Christianity and took the name Vera. Originally the Kalmyks lived in Central Mongolia. Reaching the Volga region in 1630. Since the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism has been the Kalmyk’s religion, and they are the only European Buddhist people, living to the northwest of the Caspian area. They live on the northwest shores of the Caspian Sea in the lower regions of the soviet Dagestan. Kalmyks are of the Turkic language group.

Uzbek Lady 1746-70 Sovereign Princess Irdana Bi Erdeni of Khokanda (Uzbekistan)
Succeeded by Sulaiman who reigned for less than a year as Prince of Khokanda, which is a city near Tashkent, now located in a far eastern part of Uzbekistan. Founded in 1732, it stands on the site of the ancient city of Khavakend, obliterated by the Mongols in the 3rd century. It was ruled by the  Dzungarian Kalmucks until 1758, when it became part of China.

  1746 Sultan Mwana Mimi Hadiga of Patta-Pate and Witu (Kenya)
There were 4 sultans that year. Pate is an island of the coast of Kenya.

  1747-ca.60 Dato’ Johan Pahlawan Lele Perkasa Setiawan Dato’ Rambut Panjang, Dato’ Undang of Luak Johol (Malaysia)
Succeeded by another woman; Dato’ Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa SetiawanDato’ Putri Setiawan II , Dato’ Undang of Luak Johol (1760-90)

  1748-50/53 Sultan Ratu Sarifah Fatima of Bantam (Bali) (Indonesia)
Appointed sultan after her husband, Mangkubumi was arrested after an uprising against the Dutch occupiers. She was deposed and banned from the state by the same Dutch regents.

Mughal Queen 1748-54 De facto co-ruler Queen Udham Bai of the Mughal Empire (India)
Became powerful after the death of her husband, Muhammad Shah (Rawshan Akhtar) (1719-48), who lost the province of Kabul to Persia and during whose reign other provinces became practically independent. Her son, Ahmad Shah Badahur, was no stronger, and she dominated him completely. When The Marathas in Punjab rebelled, her son chose to flee, abandoning her and the other women at court. He was captured, blinded, and deposed and died in confinement in 1775.

Unnamed Maharani 1753-56 Regent H.H Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Rani Savitri Bai Raje Sahiba of Dewar (Senior) (India)
Widow of Tukaji Rao I Puar she was regent for adopted son, Krishnaji Rao I Puar (1753-89)

 

1753 Nominal Regent Princess Sanfa Rendi Kabafa’anu of the Maldive Islands

Nominally reigned as Regent for her brother Hasan Manikufa’anu Sultan al-Ghazi al-Hasan ‘Izz ud-din Baderi. Her father Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II reigned ( 1721 -50 )


  1753-57 Nominal Regent Princess Amina Rani Kilegefa’anu of the Maldive Islands
1757-59 Rani-Sultana
In 1752 her father, H.H. Sultan al-Mukarram Muhammad ‘Imad ud-din III, was seized by the Ali Raja of Cannanore and transported to Kavaratti island in the Laccadives. Male was occupied. The occupation was ended by Muleegey Dom Hassan Maniku, a direct descendant of the penultimate Christian King Joao. The sultan died in captivity in 1757. The de facto regent was Muleegey Dom Hassam Maniku. Her sister Amina Kkanbafa’anu was regent in 1773.

  1754 and 1761 Governor-Regent Muglani Suraiya Bigum of Lahore(India)
Regent for Muhammad Amin Han, who lived 1751-54 and was governor for the Emperor of the Mongul-Afgan Empire of India in 1754.

 

1754-56 Sehsuvar Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Mother of Osman III (1754-57). Of Russian origin, she lived (1682-1756).


Unnamed Indian Rani 1760-73 (†) Regent H.H Shrimant Akhand SoubhagyavatiJiji Bai Sahib Maharaj  of Kolhapur (India)
Jijibai was regent for adopted son, since her husband H.H Kshatrtiya-Kulawatasana Sinhasanadhishwar Shrimant Raja Shahu Sambahaji II Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1698-1760) only had a posthumously born daughter with one of his seven wifes. He was Raja of Satara (with his mother as regent) and then of the newly created state, Kolhapur) Jiji Bai lived (1716-73),

Unnamed Jaipur Mahrarani 1768-78 Regent Dowager Rani Chandawatiji Maharani Sahiba of Janipur (India)
Regent for son H.H. Saramad-i-Raja-i-Hindustan, Raj Rajeshwar Shri Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sawai Shri Prithvi Singh II Bahadur, who lived (1763-78). He was married to several wifes, and was succeeded by brother.  

  1773-74 Joint Regent Princess Amina Kkanbafa’anu the Maldive Islands

Her brother, Sultan Al-Haj Muhammed (1766-77), appointed her and her huband, Ali Shah Bandor Vela’ana’a Manikufa’anu, as joint regents, when he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca . He drowned on his return in 1774. Her sister, Princess Amina Rani Kilegefa’anu, had been regent 1753-57.


  1777-80 Opposition Leader Bahu Begum of Bhopal (India)
Widow of Nawab Faiz, and disputed the succession of his brother, Hayat, to the throne. She began a revolt against the de facto ruler her step-mother-in-law, Mamola Bai, supported by members of another branch of the family. She began holding courts at her husband’s tomb and set up a parallel government in Islamnagar. For three years she regularly held Dunbars (Assemblies) as an act of defiance against Mamola Bai.

Rani Suimri Begum 1778-1803 Regent Dowager Rani Suimri Begum ofSandhana (India)
1803-36 Rani Regnant
For Musffard ad-Daula Zafar Nab Han (Aloyis Baltasaar Reinhard) – illegitimate son of her husband, Bum Raja (1773/76-78), who was born in Luxembourg as Walther Reinhard. After her stepson’s death, she became Rani in her own right, and continued to perform her contracted military duties, leading her troops into battle in person. However she concentrated her efforts on developing the agriculture of Sardhana, which became famous as an island of green in a land of desolation, using her troops to keep out marauders and to enforce her policy, instead of plundering her neighbors as was the general practice at the time. She played a prominent part in the politics of the time, the fall of Moghuls, the rise of the Mahrattas, and the establishment of the British. She emerged as a sovereign Princess of her own territories, which she had enlarged and improved, so that she accumulated vast wealth. Born as Johanna Noblis (d. 1836)

  1782-92 Sultan Halimah III of Nzwani (Comoro Islands)
Her name is also spelled Alimah. She was de-factor ruler with Abdallah I until 1788 and in 1792 he again ruled until 1706. The island was formerly known as Anjouan.

  18.. Mfahme Nyau wa Faume of Bambo (Comoro Islands)
Today Bambo is the capital of  the Comoro Islands

  18.. Sultan Ja Mhaba Hadija bint Ahmed of Bajini  (Comoro Islands)
Succeeded Hashimu bin Ahmed and he also ruled after her. His successor died 1886.

  18.. Embun Serin, The Undang Luak Inas of Inas (Malaysia)
The state which is also known as Jelai was one of nine minor states joined in the Negeri Sembilan Confederation

 

1807-08 Ayse Seniyeperver Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Also known as Daulatlu Ismatlu Aisha Sina Parvar Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, she was mother of Mustafa IV (1807-08) and lived (1761-1828)


 

1808-17 Politically Influential Naksh-i-Dil Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Advisor of her husband 1733-73 and for Sultan Selim III 1773-1789. Very powerful under reign of son, Mahmud II (1808-39), she lived (1768-1817).


  1812-19 Dowager Tengku Puteri Raja Hamidah binti Raja Haji of Johor (Malaysia)
Her husband, H.H. Sultan Mahmud III Shah Alam ibni al-Marhum Sultan ‘Abdu’l Jalil Shah, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-‘Alam, died without naming a heir in 1811. It seems that Hamidah was one of the actors in the succession struggle, which resulted in her stepson, H.H. Sultan Husain Mu’azzam Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah Alam, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-‘Alam, ascending the throne in 1819. She was daughter of Raja Haji bin Raja Chelak, 4th Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau, and (d. 1844)

 

1814-24 H.H Karaeng Bontomasugi Sultana Siti Saleh II of Tallo(Indonesia)

Succeeded her father H.H. I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din and married to La Potto, Datu Baringang and Prince of Bone. Her ceremonial name was Tumenanga-ri-Kanatojenna

  1814-37 Politically Influential Badshah Begum of Oudh (Avadh) (India)

Her husband, Ghazi-ud-din Haider, preferred death for his son, Nasir-ud-din Haider, rather that his succession to the throne. Badshah Begum was childless. She, therefore, matched her husband’s whim by having Nasir-ud-din’s mother killed (another wife of Ghazi-ud-din), and by then adopting Nasir-ud-din. She brought up Nasir-ud-din as her own, and later took up arms against her husband. It was no ordinary confrontation. Badshah Begum had armed her women to the teeth, who,  overpowered the King and sabotaged all his stratagems. The outcome  was that Nasir-ud-din, did become the King of Avadh. When Nasir-ud-din later in his turn wanted to disinherit his son, Farid-un-Bakht, she took him under her wings, and refused to be threatened. Nasir-ud-din sent a brigade of women soldiers into the royal zenana to have her removed. The women of the zenana were no less armed so that a fierce battle took place with volleys of musket ammunition flying through Lucknow. The old Begum may have lost some fifteen or sixteen of her retainers, but the final victory was hers. She left the palace with a British guarantee that neither her life nor the life of the infant Farid-un-Bakht would ever be endangered again. In 1837 King Nasir-ud-din Haider died of poisoning. The British Resident  had already drafted a paper ready for the signature of the next King of Avadh. But Badshah Begum wante Farid-un-Bakht to be king, and she marched at the head of some two hundred heavily armed men towards the Palace. Her troops removed the incumbent ruler and his relations. Her troops could hardly contain their zeal, or ignore the fiery leadership of their heavily covered Begum. The following day the British opned fire and most of the Begum’s men were killed or wounded, and she were sent to the fort of Chunar which was in British territory, where both she Farid-un-Bakht died in captivity. (d. 1846).


 

1815-ca 56 Sultan Dewa Aung Isteri Kaina of Indragiri (Indonesia)

The region is also called “Land of thousand ditches”. This name pictures that most of the areas consist of wetland, rives streams and swamps. And small ditches, plotting the coconut plantation land which is the vegetation of the local people. Inhil community in general is of Malay culture. Nevertheless, there are also outsiders in this area from Banjar and Bugis ethnics. These outsiders then settling one generation to another, and producing a cultural form which is the combination of Riau Malay culture and Banjar and Bugis culture.

 

1815-ca. 56 Dewa Aung Isteri Kania of Klungkung (Indonesia)
1849-ca. 56 Susuhuna (Empress) of Bali and Lombok

The latter was a title given to the Klungkung rulers by the Dutch colonial powers


  1819-38 Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)
Succeeded mother, Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II. In 1824 she made a formal written recognition of the suzerainty of the East India Company over the Island of Minicoy, which her mother had been forced to transfer in 1790. She and her successors, however, continued the tributary arrangement. Mariabe was succeeded by daughter, Rani Hayashabe, who was first succeeded by son and in 1907 her daughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne.

Qusida Begum Sahiba 1819-44 Regent Dowager Begum Kudsiyya Begum ofBhopal (India)
After the death of her husband, Mawab Nazar Mohammad Khan, she became regent for daughter, Sikandar. After she ascended to the throne, she continued to guide and counsel her daughter. It was her aim to demonstrate that a Muslim woman could rule as effectively as any man. She abandoned the wail, learnt to ride and led her forces in combat. She had a difficult relationship with the British, recognizing the importance of maintaining good relations with them, but the other hand she resented their inference in her government.Also know as HH Qusida Begum Sahiba or Princess Qudsia, she lived (1801-81).

 

1819-56 Politically influential Subadar Nawwab of Oudh (India)

Very powerful during the reign of Abul Mozaffar, and that of his son Soleyman (1827-37), his son Ali (1837-42), his son Amjad Ali  (1842-47) and finally during the reign of Wajid Ali, who was deposed in 1856, and died 1887.

 

1823-35 H.H. I-Mani Ratu Sultana Salima Rajiat ud-din, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia)

Styled Arung Data before her accession. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Kassi, she was unmarried and succeeded by brother, La Mapaseling Sultan Adam Nazim ud-din .

Unnamed Indian Rani 1825-37 Regent Dowager Nawab Sardar Bibi Sahiba of Radhanpur (India)
After the death of her husband H.H. Nawab Sher Khan Sahib Bahadur (1794-1813-25), she was regent for her infant stepson H.H. Nawab Muhammad Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadurn (1822-25-74).

Unnamed Zanzibar Lady Around 1828 Chief Sheha Mwana wa Mwana of Tumbai (North Zanzibar)
Also known as Khadija bint Nwale, she succeeded father as Sheik of the state in North Zanzibar. Married to Hassan II of Zanzibarwho reigned before 1828 until 1845. Her successor reigned until 1856.

  1831-41 Regent Nawab Yamuna Bibi Sahiba of Balasinor (India)
After the death of her husband, Nawab Shri Jalal [Edul Khan] Sahib Bahadur, she was regent for son Nawab Shri Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadur.

 

1833-40 Ruler ‘Aisha of Tuggurt (Algeria)

Also known as Aichouch, she succeeded Sultan ‘Ali IV bin al-Kabir as ruler of a Berber state in the south of the  country. Succeded by ‘Abd ar-Rahman.

  1838-52 Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded mother, Rani Mariambe, and first succeeded by son. In 1907 her daughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne.


 

Until 1838 Rani Regnant Singhasari Cokorda of Karang Asem Singhasari (Indonesia)

Until 1827 she reigned jointly with Gusti Gede Jelantik Sasak, 1827-35 with Gusti Ngurah Made Karang Asem and finally with Gusti Ngurah Bagus Pañji Karang Asem until 1838.


Unnamed Ethiopian Noble Lady 1839-51 (†)  Governor Weyzero Elleni of Hamasen (Eritrea)
Murdered together with grandsons in the fighting with the Emperor of Ethiopia.

 

1839-53 Bezmrâlem Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Also known as Daulatlu Ismatlu Bazim-i Alam Validi Sultan ‘Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, she was mother of Abdülmecid I (1839-61) and lived (1807-52)


Sultan Jumbe Fatimah 1842-67 and 1871-78 Sultan Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane  of Mwali/Mohéli (Comoro Islands)
Succeeded her father, Ramanetaka, cousin of Radama I of Madagascar, who conquered Mwali. Also known as Reketaka Jombe Sudy or Djoumbé Soudi or Djoumbé Fatouma . Jumbe Fatimah was married two times and was deposed by the French Colonial powers in 1867 but was reinstalled and ruled until her death.  She lived (1837-78)

  1842-51 Regent Dowager Sultan Rovao of Mwali/Mohéli (Comoro Islands)
Reigned in the name of daughter together with her second husband, Tsivandini

Sikander Begum

1844-49 Regent Begum H.H. Sikander Begum Sahiba of Bhopal (India)
1859-68 Nawab Begum Regnant

Had been proclaimed Reigning Begum at the age of 15 months in 1819 under the regency of her mother, BegumQuisada, who resigned in 1844, and on a special Dunbar conveyed in Bhopal, the British Political Agent, J.D. Cunningham, read out a proclamation from the Governor-General that Sikander would be the sole regent and exercise full executive powers on behalf of her 9 year old daughter, Shahjehan. She was the most aggressive, dynamic and charismatic. She rode, played polo, went tiger hunting and was an expert swordswoman. She reorganized the army, whose commander she was. She backed the winning horse in the 1857 mutiny and became the star of several British Dunbars held for Indian rulers. She was a devout Muslim but did not take the veil, but was the first Indian ruler to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca. She had separated from her husband,Gahangir Muhammad, who had been titular ruler, after a short period. She lived (1818-68).


Jahan Begum 1844-59 H.H. Nawwab Sultan Shah Jahan Begum Sahiba,Nawab Begum of Bhopal (India)
1868-1901 Nawab Begum Regnant

In 1844 she was proclaimed titular ruler of the state under the regency of her mother, Sikander Begum, in whose favour she abdicated. At a Dunbar held 17 day’s after her mother, Sikander Begum’s death in 1868, she was crowned Begum of Bhopal for the second time in her life. At the ceremony the British Agent of the Governor-General declared that her daughter, Sultan Jahan, would be heiress apparent. Shahjehan’s husband…became titular Nawab, and she tried to leave as much as the governing to him as possible, but he came at odds with the British, and was stripped of his title and position. During most of her reign, she was at odds with Sultan Jahan, and died without them being reconciled. She was interested in culture and an accomplished poet, and lived (1838-1901).


1848-73 Politically Influential Maleka Jahan Khanum of Persia
Her official name was H.M The Mahd-i-‘Aliua, also spelled Mahd-e Olia, “Sublime Cradle,” she was grand-daughter of Fath ‘Ali Shah, who was shah (1797-1834), wife of her cousin Mohammad Shah (1834-48) and mother of Nasser-ed-Din Shah (1848-96). She was one of the strongest women of the Qajar (Kadjar) Dynasty. Wielding her power from the Harem, once her son ascended the throne of Persia. She ensured the strengthening and survival of the Qajar nobility against the rivalries by commoners elevated to positions of prominence as a result of policies of successive Qajar (Kadjar) Shahs. She is characterized as an accomplished and cunning woman of some political gifts, strong personality, and characterized the undercurrent of matriarchy in the Qajar elite. She lived (1805-73)

Tsarina Kurmandjan Datka of Alay Around 1850 Reigning Tsarina Kurmandjan Datka of Alay (Kirgistan)
Also known as Kurmanjan Mamatbai Kyzy, or Alai Queen, she was an outstanding leader of Kyrgyz nation. She had refused to live with the husband she was forced to marry and ruled the country alone when her second husband died, during the gloomy time of feudal despotism she could maintain a free spirit of independent nomad’s life, traditional way living and Kyrgyz culture in Alay region. She was respected by all the foreign rulers she met during her reign, even by Kokand Khan – guardian of Muslim norms. At that time, it was considered astounding that a woman could govern such a huge territory as the Fergana valley. After the Kyrgyz territory was annexed by Russia in 1876, she continued the resistance movement. She lived (1811-1907)

 

1857-60 Regent H.H. Panchai-tana I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara Sultana Um ul-Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa of Bone (Indonesia)
1860-… Datuk of Supa
(Akataparang)

Also known as Basse Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseempa, she was widow of her cousin, H.H. La Parenringi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Saleh Muhi ud-din, and regent for her infant son La Pamadanuka until his death. She was daughter of her husband’s uncle, La Tan-ri suki, ArungKajuwara, by his wife, the Adatuwang of Sawito. She was formerly styled Arung Kajuwara and succeeded her mother’s brother as reigning Datuk of Supa, where she was succeeded by the female ruler, Datuk Madallung, who reigned until 1902.

 

1858-59 Arumponi Regnant Bassee Kajuwara Hadie Abdel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseemba of Bone (Indonesia)

Succeeded by Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka, who reigned until 1871.

 

1858-59 Queen Basse Kajuwara Hai-de Abdel Haide Pelai-e’engie Paseempa of Celebes at the Moluccas (Indonesia)

Today the island is called Sulawesi Selatan. Among the many ethnic groups are the seafaring Bugis dominates the southern part, whereas the northern part is inhabited by the Torajas whose unique culture rivals that of Balinese. Famed for their seafaring heritage and Pinisi Schooners for centuries, the Bugis posses to the present day one of the last sailing fleets in the world. The Bugis vessels have sailed to as far as the Australian coast, leaving behind drawing of their ships on stone with words that have been integrated into the Aboriginal language of North Australia.

  1861-1902 Adatuwang We Tan-ri-Paderang Bau Jella of Alita (Indonesia)
Succeeded Aru Anipong and was succeeded by La Pangorisang – both male rulers. Daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Saleh, Arumpone of Bone and I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa, Datu of Supa – daughter of La Tan ri Suki, Arung of Kajuwara. We Tan-ri was married to H.H. Paduka Sri Sultan Husain ibnu Sultan Muhammad Idris, Sultan of Gowa (1895-1906)

Unnamed Muslim Lady 1861-… Al Sitt Bader Amin al-Din of the Druze in Lebanon
Became acting leader of the Druze Tribe after her husband, Said Beik Jumblatt had tried to reestablish the leadership of the Jumblatts, but was accused of fueling sectarian conflict between the Druze and the Maronites by the Ottomans, who sentenced him to life in prison, where he died of tuberculosis. The leadership afterwards went to her son Nassib. Said’s other son, Najib, who managed to win over the Ottomans, who gave him the esteemed title of Pasha and appointed him governor of the Shouf in 1884.

 

1861-76 Pertherhiyal Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Mother of Murad, and as Sultan Valide she was in some aspects considered  joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire


Queen Warqito Mastawat of Walo 1868-76 Regent Dowager Queen Warqito Mastawat of Walo (Ethiopia)
She was mother of the young Imam Amede Beshir, one of the two claimants to the leadership of the Weresek (Mammadoch) clan of Wollo. Emperor Tewodros had seized Amede Beshir, had him baptized as his godson, and had fought the mother of the other claimant, the rival Queen Mestawat. Although bitter rivals, both Mestawat and Werqitu were foes of the Emperor. Werqitu was not initially eager to help the Shewan prince even though his father had been a close ally. She initially decided to send emissaries to the Emperor to inform him that the Shewans were in her camp, and that she would exchange them for her son. Tewodros however was extremely furious when he found out about the escape of the Shewans. Her son died during the siege, and her grief and anger knew no bounds. Until the very end, she never stopped attacking Tewodros’ army, and never held back aid from anyone who rebelled against him.


 

Unnamed ruling Malaysian princess 1869-72 Regent Tengku Intan binti Tengku Alang Husain,Tunku Ampuan of Negri Sembilan (Malaysia)
Regent for son, H.H. Tuanku Antah ibni al-Marhum Raja Radin Sunnah, Yang di-Pertuan of Sri Menanti, who was elected as ruler on the death of his uncle in 1869.


 

  1870-86 Adatuwang Regnant Pasule Daeng Bulaeng of Sawito (Indonesia)
Married La Tan-ri Suki, Arung Kajaura, Prince of Bone. Her daughter  I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara Hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa was regent for her infant son, the Sultan of Bone, before succeeding Pasule’s brother as Datu of Supa in 1860. Pasule was succeeded in Sawito by the male ruler Palagau Aru Patojo, who reigned until 1902.


 

  1871-95 H.H. I-Banri Sultana Siti Fatima, Arumpone of Bone(Indonesia)
Styled Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta before she succeeded her father, Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka. She married I-Magulaga Karaeng Popo, Prince of Gowa (d. 1902), whose mother was I-Tenri Pada Sultana Siti Aisha [Besse-Barru], Arung of Barru, daughter of To’ Patarai Sumanga Rukka, Arung of Barru. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and she was succeeded by her half-brother. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and mother of a son and a daughter, and (d. 1895).


 

  1872-73 and 187..-18.. Sultan Singa Madi Jimba Aicha of M’Bude (Comoro Islands)
In 1873 she was taken as a captive to Itsandra.. As she was however treated well and even married Mussafubu it is possible that she has continued to be Sultan in Name. In this case her successor, Jumbe Boina Fumu, was possibly only a  kind of governor. In 1880 she submitted to Saidi Ali of the Comoros. She was succeeded by Jema Niema bint Jumbe Fumu at a not known date.


 

Tjoet Njak Dien with some of her men 1873-1901 Guerilla Leader “Ibu Perbu” Tjoet Njak Dien in Aceh (Indonesia)
“Ibu Perbu” means Queen, and  in 1862 she married Teuku Ibrahim Lamnga. In 1873 Her father and husband joined the fight against the Dutch, and she followed them into the jungle. After both her father and husband was killed and the Indonesian forces defeated by the Dutch, Dien took over both her late husband’s and father’s army commands and led them in guerilla warfare Her second husband was Teuku Umar, who was another relative. They  led the two armies into a series of successful assault missions. In 1899  Dien’s husband was killed in battle, and she was again left to lead the rebel army alone, and retreated further into the jungle. She continued to lead the fight until the army was destroyed in 1901. One of her followers, Pang Laot Ali, felt sorry for Dien’s condition, hoped that the Dutch might give medical treatment for her. He deserted to the Dutch and bought the Dutch army into Dien’s camp in Beutong Le Sageu. They were completely caught by surprise and fought to the last man and woman except for Gambang and Dien. Only due to her blindness was Dien captured and even then she held a rencong (a traditional Acehnese dagger) in her hand trying to fight the enemy. Her daughter Gambang, however escaped deep into the jungle, where it is known that she continued the resistance until her death, which is believed to have taken place in 1910. She spend the rest of her life teaching the Koran in Sumedang, West Java. She lived (1848-1908). In 1964 she was declared a National Hero.


 

Perestü Valide Sultan

1876-87 Perestü Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Mother Abdülhamid II (1876-1909), she was the last Valide Sultan and theoretical joint ruler.


 

  1878… Regent Warquito Mastawat of Gera Walo (Ethiopia)
Regent for chief Muhammad Ala, who became Ras Mika’el in 1878. The boarder state was incorporated into Ethiopia in 1896.


 

  Around 1884 Sultan Mzade Badgini binti Munké Mwembwani of Badgini (Comoro Islands)
Succeeded Umam wa Dari, who reigned (1852-84) and was succeeded by Khadija.


 

Sultana in the Comoro Islands Ca. 1884, 1884-8.. and 1887-ca.88 Sultan Khadija binti Mugné Mku of Badgini (Comoro Islands)
It is not clear what happened to her after Hachimu bin Mugne Mku seized power in 1885, After he had been driven out in 1887 she was first arrested but later reinstalled as Sultane by Saidi Ali of the Comoros and French. Later she is known to have been in exile in 1888 and to have joined Hachimu the following year. (d. 1889)


 

  1885-1902 Sultan Aisya of Indragiri (Indonesia)
Succeeded by sultan Mahmud


 

Njapdungke of Bamum 1888-94 Regent Queen Mother Regnant Njapdungke of Bamum (Cameroon)
Also known as Setfon or Nazabidunke. Initially regent for her son, Ibrahum Njoya, who was Fon of Bamun 1888-1923, in 1918 he also became sultan of Fumban, he was deposed in 1923, and lived (1885-1933). After he took over the reigns himself she became his closest advisor. Bamun was under indirect colonial rule by the Germans. She (d. 1913)


 

Comoran Princess 1888-89 Regent Princess Balia of Mwali (Mohéli) (Comoro Islands)
Member of a regency council for the absent Sultan Salima.


 

Unnamed Philippine Girl 1888-1906 Regent Rajah Putri of Magindanao (The Philippines)
Daughter of Sultan Qudaratullah Muhammad Jamalul Azam or simply Sultan Untong and maried Datu Utto or Sultan Anwaruddin Utto of Buayan, who also maneuvered to be declared jointly as Sultan of Maguindanao. Openly, he was supporting the bid of his brother-in-law, Datu Mamaku, brother of Rajah Putri to become the new Sultan of Maguindanao. But the Spaniards opposed his inclination vehemently, and Rajah Putri became the ruler of the state.


 

  1893-94 Sultan Mugalula of Nyamwezi at Zanzibar (Tanzania)
Abdicated as Sultan of Nyamwezi the same year. Abdicated as sultan and was succeeded by daughter Abd Msavila II in Nyamwezi, who also abdicated.


 

  1895 Sultan Abd Msavila II of Nyamwezi (Tanzania)
Daughter of Sultana Mugalula, who reigned 1893-95 Msavila abdicated and was succeeded by Chief and sultan Katugamoto, who was deposed in 1898.


 

Nyirauhi V Kanjogera of Rwanda

1895-96 Reigning Umugabekazi Nyirauhi V Kanjogera of Rwanda
1896-ca. 1916 Regent
1916-31 Reigning Umugabekazi

Became Umugabekazi (Queen Mother) by the death of her husband King Kigeri IV Rwabigi and twice acted as regent for her son Yuhi V wa Musinga (1896-31). Rwanda was a Belgian colony at the time.


 

  Around 1900 I-Tenri Pada Sultana Siti Aisha, Arung of Barru (Indonesia)
Married to H.H. Sri Sultan Muhammad Idris ibni Sultan ‘Abdu’l Kadir Muhammad ‘Aidid, Sultan of Gowa.


 

Jahan Begum 1901-26 H.H. Sikander Saulat, Iftikhar ul-Mulk, Nawab Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (India)
1901-02 Chief Minister of Bhopal
Also known as Sarkar Amman, she succeeded her mother, Sikander Begum. She was a forceful ruler, and reformed the administration of state. She attended the coronation of George V in 1911 dressed in a burqa with her awards worn on the outside. During the trip, she visited Paris, k a spa in Bad Nauenheim in Germany, spend a week in Génève and traveled by the Orient Express to Istanbul, where she met the sultan-emperor, Mehmet Reshad. She also visited Hungary, Italy and Egypt where she embarked on her return journey to a Bhopal struck by plague. Later that year she attended the Imperial Dunbar in Delhi. In 1926 she returned to London to settle the rules of succession in a British court. She abdicated in favour of son while still in London, and after some further legal conundrum, her granddaughter, Abida was declared heir apparent. Sultan Jahan argued in favour of the rights of the firstborn, regardless of gender. After her abdication, she became an advocate of women’s rights, and in 1928 she discarded purdah. Shah Jahan lived (1858-1930).


 

  Until 1902 Datuk I-Madellung Karaeng Kajuwara, Datu of Supa(Ajataparang) (Indonesia)
Succeeded another female ruler; Bassee Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseemba, who ascended the throne in 1860. She was succeeded by nephew and husband of her daughter Besse Bulo, H.H. Haji Andi La Mappanjuki Karaeng Silayar Sri Sultan Ibrahim ibnu Sultan Husain, who was Arumpone of Bone in 1931-46 and 1950-60 trough his mother We Tan-ri Padarang, Princess of Alita, eldest daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad, Arumpone of Bone. Madellung (d. 1902)


 

  1907-11 Rani Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)
Succeeded brother. She was daughter of Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi who reigned 1838-52 in succession to her mother, Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi,who reigned  (1819-38).


 

Queen Shahzadi of Persia  1909-25 Politically Active Queen Shahzadi Maleka Jahan Khanum of Persia
Her name meant “Queen of the World”. She was married to her cousin Mohammad Ali Shah who reigned 1907-09 until he was deposed. She was a strong presence, and she was about to reclaim the throne of Persia for her son Soltan Ahmad Shah, (1898-1909-25-30), after he was deposed, but events had conspired against her. Went with her family into exile in Rome, and lived (1875-?)


 

1919-29 Politically Influential H.M. Queen Soraya Shah of Afganistan
Influenced her husband, King Amanulluh Shah, who was one of the most liberal rulers of the country. He abolished slavery, liberalized the family code, child marriage was limited, women got right to choose their own husband, etc. In 1928 Soraya and her daughters appeared unveiled. Conservative forces forced her husband to abdicate in 1929, and they went into exile first in India and then in Rome. She was his third husband, he married two more times, and lived (1892-1960) She was the daughter of  Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometime Minister for Foreign Affairs, and lived (1897-1968)


 

  1921-31 Rani Ayisha Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)
Succeeded Ahmad Adi-Raja Bibi and was succeeded by Abdul-Rahman Ali Adi-Raja II.


 

  1921-? Regent Dowager Rani Saida of Badalpur (India)
Reigned in the name of her grand-son who studied in United Kingdom.


 

  1921-1939 Al-Sitt Nazira Jumblatt of the Druze  of Lebanon
Her husband, Fouad Jumblatt was murdered by Shakib Wahab, a member of the Arslan clan. Her son Kamal Jumblatt was four years old, and grew up in an atmosphere of tight security and fear due to his mother Nazira’s continued support of the Lebanese state and its French patrons. When the Druze in Syria revolted against the French in 1925 , Nazira played a key role in keeping the Shouf mostly out of war and worked tirelessly to find common ground among the French authorities, the Maronites and the Druze. Her son studied in France until 1939, and later became one of the chief acteurs in the civil war from the 1970s onward until his assassination.


 

1935-49 Vice-President of the State Council and President of the Cabinet Princess Abida Sultan Begum of Bhopal (India)
1960-61 Titular Nawab Sahiba , Begum Sultan of Bhopal
Her full name is Colonel Suraya Jah, Gauhar-i-Taj, Nawab Abida Sultan Begum Sahiba, but is normally known as Begum Abida Sultan. She was appointed as Heir Apparent to her father and recognized as such by the Indian government in 1928. In 1950 she moved to Pakistan. were she was a Delegate to UN in 1954, Ambassador to Brazil and Chile 1954-59. She was also an active politician and supporter of Miss Fatima Jinnah’s candidacy for President of Pakistan. She Contested the succession after the death of her father, HH Sikander Savlat Ifrikar il-Mulk Haji Sir Muhammad Hamidullah Khan Badur, in February 1960, but the Indian government ruled against her in January 1961 in favour of her sister, H.H.Sikander Saulat Iftikhar ul-Mulk Haji Nawab Mehr Tai Sajida Sultan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (1960-95). Aida lived (1913-2002)


 

1941-79 Politically Influential HIH Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran
In 1946 her twin brother, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, send her to negotiate with Stalin in the Kremilin, to secure the return of some Soviet occupied parts of Iran. She was Head of the Woman’s Organization of Iran and a Special Ambassador to the United Nations. Her first two marriages ended in divorce, her third husband died. According to Iranian usage, her sons two sons and their children had the title H.H. Prince and father’s surname. Her daughter is H.H. Princess and the husband’s surname. (b. 1919-)


 

  Before 1944 Regent Princess Sharifah Leng binti al-Marhum Yang di-Pertuan Muda Syed Abdul Hamid of Tampin (Malaysia)
The daughter Sultan Sharif Abdul Hamid ibni al-Marhum Yang di-Pertuan Muda Sultan Muhammad Shah al-Qadri (1872-94) she was regent for her nephew Syed Akil bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri, Tunku Besar of Tampin, who died at the age of 20, and whose brother, Syed Muhammad bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri,  ruled until 1944.


 

  1946-47 Rani Mariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)
Her principality was incorporated in the Republic of India.


 

1952-53 Head of the Regency Council H.M. Queen Zein al-Sharaf of Jordan
In the official Jordan biography it says that her political instincts and courage allowed her to successfully fill a constitutional vacuum after the assassination of the late King Abdullah in 1951, while the newly proclaimed King Talal was being treated outside the Kingdom for his mental illness. When he was deposed in August 1952 she was regent until her son, Hussein I, until he turned 18 in May the following year. She played a major role in the political development of the Kingdom in the early 1950s, and took part in the writing of the 1952 Constitution that gave full rights to women and enhanced the social development of the country. Born in Egypt as daughter of the Court Chamberlain, Sharif Jamal Ali bin Nasser, she was mother of three sons and a daughter, and lived (1916-94).


 

Tuttu Goma 1952-53 Candidate for the Throne Princess Fatima Ibrahim Didi Tuttu Goma of the Maldive Islands
In 1944 the throne was first offered to the erstwhile Prime Minister Athireegey Abdul Majeed Rannabandeyri Kilegefan, but he declined and remained in exile until his death in 1952. The throne was then offered Tuttu Goma was daughter of Eggamugey Ibrahim Faamuladeyri Kilegefan and Princess Gulistan Imaduddine, the daughter of Sultan Mohamed Imaduddine VI (1892-1903)  and Eggamugey Umm-Kalthum Didi. The Islamic clerics headed by the chief justice Abdullah Jalaluddine vetoed the age old custom of a female ruler, so a council of regency reigned until 1953.


 

1959-70 Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Yadar Sadykovna Nariddinova, Uzbekistan (Autonomos Soviet Republic in the USSR)

1952-59 Deputy Premier, Minister of Construction Industry in Uzbekistan, 1959-70 Vice-Chairperson of the Supreme Soviet before becoming “Head of State” of the Republic. 1970-74 she was President of the Federation Council of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. (b. 1926-)


 

1960-95 Head of the Princly Family H.H.Sikander Saulat Iftikhar ul-Mulk Haji Nawab Mehr Tai Sajida Sultan Begum Sahiba,  Nawab Begum of Bhopal (India)
Recognized by the Government of India as ruler of Bhopal, at the 13. of January 1961 with effect from 4. February 1960. After the death of her husband, Muhammed Iftikhar Ali Khan of Pataudi (1910-1917-52), she was regent for her son Mansur Ali Khan (b. 1941), who was captain of the Indian Cricket team 1960-75. Under the name of Begum Sajida Sultan, she was member of the Indian Parlament for Bhopal 1957-62. She lived (1915-95) and was succeeded by her grandson.


 

1963 Fatima Jinnah, Pakistan

Sister, secretary and political advisor of the “father” of Pakistan, Muhamad Ali Jinnah. She had widespread popular support but lost the elections. Lived (1894-1965)


 

1968-96 Partner in Power Siti Hartinah, Indonesia
Also Known as Ibu Tien (Mother Tien), she was the most loyal aide and the closest and most influential advisor of her husband, President Suharto. She was known to express preferences as well as dislikes toward certain cabinet ministers, often connected with their personal lives. She was known as “Madame Ten Percent”, because of her corruption. Born as Princess of Mangkunegara  in Surakarta, Central Java, and lived (1923-96).


 

1971-73 Governor Begum Ra’ana Liquat Ali Khan, Sind (Pakistan)
She was the widow of Prime Minister Liquat Ali Khan who was murdered 1951. She was ambassador to the Netherlands 1954-56, to Tunisia 1961-64 and Italy 1961-66. Born as Ra’ana Pant, she lived (1905-90) [Perhaps governor 1973-76].


 

  1975-78 First Secretary of the Communist Party Ibodat S. Rakhimova, Tajikistan (Autonomous Soviet Republic in the USSR)
As first secretary she was the actual leader of the republic. She was the only women on that post during the history of the USSR. Vice-President 1955-66 and Secretary 1978-89 of the Supreme Soviet.


 

1979-80 Regent-in-exile Dowager Shahbanou Farah Diba Pahlavi of Iran (in Egypt and France)
She is widow of The Shah, she was Acting Head of the Imperial Family and acted as regent for son who became shah on his 20th birthday 31/10-80. (b. 1938-)


 

  1980-81 Chief Minister Syeda Anwara Taimur , Assam (India)
Still politically active in 2006. (b. 1936-).


 

1980-85 Partner in Power Dr. Anahita Ratebzad, Afghanistan

Shared power with her partner, President Babrak Karmal. She was ambassador to Yugoslavia 1978, Minister of Social Affairs 1978-79, Minister of Education 1980,  and Member of the Presidency of the Revolutionary Council and the Politburo of the Communist Party 1980-85. She was the highest ranking woman in the parcham faction of the party and an expert propagandist. Her former husband, Dr. Qamaruddin Kakar used to be king Zahir Shah’s personal physician. (b. 1928-) .


 

1982-83 Vice-Premier Caroline Diop Faye, Senegal
1971-ca. 84 Deputy President of the National Assembly. 1978-81 Minister of Social Affairs,  
1981-83 Minister-Delegate by the Premier Minister and 1982-83 Minister of State (Third in Cabinet)


 

1987-89 Chairperson of the Executive Council  Kaqusha Jashari (Kosova/Yugoslavia)
1989 Chief Secretary of the Communist Party
Forced to resign after the first Kosovan riots in the republic. In 2000 she was member of the Kosovo Transitional Council (Legislative) and Chairperson of Social Democratic Party of Kosovo (PSDK) which she had chaired since 1991.


 

1988-90 and 1993-96 Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan
Co-Chairperson 1984-94 and from 1994 Leader of Pakistan People’s Party. 1977-84 in house arrest, 1984-86 in exile. She also held the Portfolios of Defence, Atomic-Energy, Finance, Economy, Information  and Establishment. Both in 1990 and 1996 she was removed from office by the President on charges of corruption and later convicted. From 1998 she has lived in exile  London and the United Arab Emirates. Her three children were born in 1988, 1989 and 1993. (b. 1953-).


 

  1988-09 Acting Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RozaAtamuradovna Bazarova, Turkmenistan (Autonomous Soviet Republic in the USSR)
1975 Deputy Premier Minister and 1975-88 Member of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. (b. 1933-).


 

1989 Acting Prime Minister Begum Nusrat Bhutto, Pakistan
Senior Minister without Portfolio and Second in Cabinet 1989-90. Acted as deputy to her Daughter, Benazir Bhutto, and was acting Premier when she gave birth to her second child in 1989 and on various other occasions.  Widow of President Zulfiar Ali Bhutto, who was executed by the military regime. Born in Afganistan (Ca. 1929-).


 

1989-99 Vice-Premier Aïssata Moumouni, Niger
Second in cabinet for many years. Since 1997 with the title of Minister of State.


 

1991-96 and 2001- Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh
Vice-Chairperson of The Nationalist Party 1982-84 and Leader since 1984. Her husband, President Zia-ur-Rahman was Premier Minister 1976-77 and President 1977-81 until he was assassinated. Khaleda was detained seven times during almost nine years of autocratic rule. In the face of mass upsurge spearheaded by the seven-party alliance, led by Khaleda, and the eight-party combine, led by Hasina, Ershad resigned in 1990 and handed over power to neutral caretaker government, bringing an end to his nine-year autocratic rule. During her first tenure as Premier she was in charge of a number of other portfolios – among other’s that of Defence. 1996-2001 Leader of the Opposition. Mother of two sons.  (b. 1945-).


 

1991-ca. 96 Governor Professor Lale Ayataman, Mugla (Turkey)
1996-99 she was deputy to the Grand National Assembly for the Motherlands Party (ANAP). Chairperson of the European Committee for Environment and Regional Affairs and Vice-Chairperson of the Group of European Democrats (Conservatives).


 

1993-96 Minister President Tansu Çiller, Turkey
Assistant Professor 1974-83 and 1983-90 Professor of Economics at Bosphorus University. Minister of State and Chief Economic Coordinator 1991-93,  Deputy Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs 1996-97. She was Deputy Chairperson , 1990-93 and from 1993 Chairperson of DYP, The True Path Party. In the 2002-elections the party got 8,5% of the votes, becoming the third largest party, but it was not enough to reenter the parliament, where the minimum vote required is 9%. Mother of two children. (b. 1946-).


 

1993- President of the Government-in-Exile Maryam Rajavi, Iran (in Paris)
From 1985-92 Commander-in-Chief of Muhjedin-Army operating from Iraq. She is head of the 250 member exile-parliament. Half of its members are women and the exile-government is dominated by women.


 

  1994-95 Deputy Chief of Government Salma Ahmed Rashed, Libya
1992-94 Assistant Secretary for Women and 1994-95 Secretary in the General Secretariat of the General Peoples’ Congress for Women’s Affairs (Deputy Chief of Government). 1996 Ambassador to the League of Arab Nations as the first woman.


 

1994 and 1996-99 Vice-Premier Minister Bozgul Dodkhudoeva, Tajikistan
1993-94 Minister of Education.


 

1994-96 Vice-Premier Minister Munira Abdulloyevna Inoyatva, Tadjikistan

1993-94 Deputy Minister of Labour, 1994-99 also Minister of Education and since 1999 Presidential Advisor of Social Affairs


 

1994-95 Minister of Foreign Affairs Sy Kadiatou Sow, Mali 
1998-2000 Governor of the Capital District of Bamako
1994-95 Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malians Abroad and African Integration and 1995-98 Minister of Town Planning and Housing.


 

1995-99 Vice-Premier Minister Abad Sehedana Rezeva, Turkmenistan

Former vice-chair of the Parliament. From 1999 minister of Education. Another version of her name is Abad Sehedovna Irzayeva Risaveva.


 

1995- Vice-Premier Minister Dilbar Mukhammadkhonovna Ghulomova, Uzbekistan
Chairperson of the State Committee for Women’s Affairs from 1994.


 

1996-2001 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed, Bangladesh
Also known as Hasina Wazed, she is leader of the Awami League since 1981 and Leader of the Opposition 1991-96. As Premier one of her many other portfolios is that of Defence. Mother of 2 sons (b. 1945-).


 

1996-98 Vice-Premier Minister Larisa Gutnichenko, Kyrgyzstan
1995-96 Minister of Justice  and 1996-98 Deputy Premier Minister for Social and Cultural Policy.


 

1996-98 Vice-Premier Minister Mira Jangaracheva, Kyrgyzstan
In 1992-95 Deputy Mayor of Bishkeh, 1995-96 Presidential Advisor of Social Affairs. From 1998 Minister of Labour and Social Welfare. (b. 1952-).


 

1997-2006 Vice-President Prof. Dr. Masoumek Ebtekar, Iran
In charge of Environment (b. 1960-)


 

1997, 1998 (March-April), 1999, 2000 (November), 2001, 2002 (January), 2003 (June) and 2004 (June/July) ActingMinister of Foreign Affairs H.R.H. Princess Hajah Masna binti Omer Ali of Brunei, Brunei
Since 1995 Ambassador-at-Large and Second in Command of the Foreign Ministry and  Acting Foreign Minister and Head of Delegations to APEC, ASEAN, ASEM and other international summits on various occasions. She is the sister of HM Sultan Hassanal Bolkian Muizzaddin of Brunei and married to Pengiran Lela Sahibun Najabah Pengiran Haji Abdul Aziz bin Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haja Abu Bakar. Her full title is Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Puteri or Yang Teramat Mulina Pengiran Anak Puteri. (b. 1948-)


 

1997-2001 Governor Selvi M. Fathima Beeri, Tamil Nadu (India)

In 1983 she was appointed judge in the Kerala High Court. 1989-93 Judge in the Supreme Court of India as the first woman. She was removed from the post of governor after having appointed J. Jayalalitha Jayaram as chief minister in spite of her conviction for corruption. (b. 1927-) .


 

1999-2000 Vice-Premier Minister Rima Khalaf Hneidi, Jordan
1993-95 Minister of Trade and Industry, 1995-98 Minister of Planning, 1999-2000 Deputy Premier Minister and Minister of Planning. she resigned in 2000 because of disagreement with the Premier Minister about the economic policies. Later same year she became Assistant Secretary General of the UN and Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Arab States.


 

1999- Vice-Premier Minister Djamal Geklenova, Turkmenistan
Ca. 1998-99 Minister of Consumer Goods and since 1999 Deputy Premier Minister in charge of the Chamber of Industry and Commerce and Turkmen Statistics and Forecasts Committee and Minister of Textile Industry and Foreign Trade.


 

1999- Vice-Premier Minister Nigina Sharapova, Tajikistan
Among others in charge of Women’s Issues.


 

1999 Vice-Premier Minister Aitkul Baigaziyevna Samakova, Kazakstan
1997-99 Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade, 1999-2002 Minister Without Portfolio and Chairperson of the National Committee on Family and Women’s Issues and from 2002 Minister of Environmental Protection


 

1999-2000 and 2001- Minister of Foreign Affairs Dodo Aïchatou Mindaoudou, Niger
1995-96 she was Minister of Social Development, Population and Women.


 

2000- Minister of Foreign Haja Mahawa Bangoura Camara, Guinea
In 1995 she was Ambassador to  USA and later to the United Nations. Her official title is Minister to the presidency charged with Foreign Affairs and an alternative version of her name is Camara Hadja Mawa Bangoura


 

2000 President of the Executive Committee Nuria Abdulahi, Harari (Ethiopia)

Only in office for around one month.


 

2001-04 Executive President Megawati Sukarnoputri, Indonesia
When Megawati  Setyawati Soekarnoputri became leader of the Democratic Party in 1993, she triggered the opposition against President Quarto. In 1999 her party won the most seats in the Parliament, but Abdulrahman Wahid was elected President. This caused serious riots all over the country and she was elected vice-President the following day. In August 2000 the ailing President Wahid charged her with the running of the daily business of the government and state and she chaired the cabinet meetings. At the 23rd of July he was ousted and she inaugurated as President. Ibu Mega, as she is known, is daughter of Indonesia’s founding father Sukarno, is married for the 3rd time and mother of 3 children. (b. 1946-).


 

2001-02 Premier Ministre Mame Madior Boye, Sénégal
Former assistant to the Attorney General of the Republic, judge and first vice President of the Regional High Court in Dakar and former President of the Court of Appeal in Dakar. Councillor to the Supreme Court of Appeal and Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals in 2000-2001. In 2002 she took over as Minister of Defence after the former incumbent resigned after almost 1.000 persons died in a ferry-disaster. (b.1940-).


 

 

2001-02 Vice-Premier Minister Sima Samar, Afghanistan
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Transitional Council or Deputy Premier Minister and Minister of Women’s Affairs, after the woman-hating Taleban-regime was ousted. She had been leader of a women’s organization for a number of years. (b. 1957-).


 

 

2002- Vice-Premier Minister Enebay Geldiyevna Atayeva, Turkmenistan
2001 minister of Social Affairs and Labour, and since 2001 Minister of Economy and Finance. In 2002 she was appointed Deputy Premier Minister responsible for the Banking Sektor. Her name is also transcribed as Ataeva Enebay Gelgievna.


 

 

2002- Vice-Premier Minister Galina Karimovna Saidova, Uzbekistan
Deputy Premier Minister in charge of Analysis and Information.


 

2002-03 Vice-Premier Minister Kétia Rokiatou N’Diaye, Mali(Second in Cabinet)
Former Civil servant she was Director of the Cabinet of the President 1992-94 and the Special Advisor 1994-96. She is 3rd. Vice-President of the Rassemblement Pour Le Mali (Party) and Minister of Health from 2002. (b. 1938-).


 

  2003- Prefect Mudira Abu Bakr of the Dukan Region (Iraq)
The region is situated in the in northern Suleimaniyah Province in the part of Kurdistan which is controlled by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan.


 

2003-06 Minister of Foreign Edna Adan Ismail, Somaliland
A former World Health Organization representative in Djibouti, she founded and is the Co-Patronn and Vice President of the Board of Trustees of Somaliland’s first Maternity Hospital. Somaliland is a self-declared and de-facto independent republic.

2006 Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria

Former Vice-President of  the World Bank and Corporate Secretary. Minister of Finance 2003-06, and when she was appointed Foreign Affairs in June 2006, she continued as the  Head of the Economic Reform Team, but resigned from the government after being fired from this post in August.


2006- Minister of Foreign Affairs Joy Ogwu, Nigeria

Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Foreign Affairs Institute through many years. (b. 1946-).

 

http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Muslim_Leaders.htm

Dr. Fehmida Mirza
Details of Dr. Fehmida Mirza
Dr. Fehmida Mirza is the first women Speaker of the National assembly of Pakistan. She was elected on March 19, 2008 as 19th Speaker of the National assembly. She has the distinction of being the 1st women Speaker in the Muslim World.
Dr. Fehmida Mirza has been elected to the Pakistani Parliament in three consecutive terms in 1997, 2002 and 2008 as MNA from Badin NA-225 Sindh. She won the February 18, 2008 election with huge margin of over 70,000 votes. She had been a Member of the National assembly Standing Committees on Population Welfare and Women Development, Health, Social Welfare and Special Education, Commerce and Industries.
Born on December 20, 1956, Dr. Mirza did her MBBS from Liaqat Medical College Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan, in 1982 and completed house job in gynecology and pediatrics. She remained in the Medical Profession from 1983 to 1989.
Dr. Fehmida Mirza has intrinsic inclination for philanthropic and humanitarian work. She arranged relief and rehabilitation for the affectees of the devastating cyclone and floods in Sindh Province during the years 1999 and 2003 and provided medical treatment, rations, clothing and other essential items for the displaced people out of her personal resources.
In view of the high prevalence of Thalecimia Disease in the District of Badin, Dr. Fehmida Mirza established Thalecimia Centre with assistance of District Government in year 2005. This center is presently providing free medical treatment and blood transfusion services to the people of Badin and its adjoining areas.
Dr. Fehmida Mirza also arranged various free ENT, Cardiac, ophthalmological, chest, nephrological and neurological camps in District Badin. She also arranged vaccination and immunization drives against hepatitis, cholera etc. with the assistance of civil society and NGOs. She played had provided clean potable water to many villages in District Badin on her own expenses. Dr. Fehmida Mirza supports and grants financial assistance to the poor and deserving students of the area. She also pays the dowry expenses of the poor marrying couples.
Dr. Fehmida Mirza is a senior Pakistani politician and parliamentarian. She contested election on the platform of Pakistan Peoples Party. She was Secretary Information (PPP) Sindh. She has traveled to USA, UK, Canada, Switzerland, France, Turkey, Saudi arabia, Singapore, Indonesia and Thailand. She likes reading.
Dr. Fehmida Mirza’s belongs to a political family. Her father, Qazi abdul Majeed abid was a seasoned politician who held different ministerial portfolios in Federal and Provincial (Sindh) cabinets from 1982 to 1990 including Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting, Food and agriculture, Education, Water and Power and Provincial Minister for Communication. Her Uncle, Qazi Mohammad akbar was also a long serving Provincial Minister in Sindh.


 

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9/11 The Questions Keep Coming:CrossTalk on 9/11 – Media Cover-up.. – YouTube

9/11:Israel did it

Israeldidit.jpg

When an event occurs that that fundamentally changes the dynamics of global geopolitics, there is one question above all others whose answer will most assuredly point to its perpetrators. That question is “Cui bono?”. If those so indicted are in addition found to have had both motive and means then, as they say in the US, it’s pretty much a slam-dunk.

And so it is with the events of 9/11.

Discounting the ‘Official narrative’ as the absurdity it so clearly is, there are just two organisations on the entire planet with the expertise, assets, access and political protection necessary to have both executed 9/11 and effected its cover-up to date (ie the means). Both are Intelligence Agencies – the CIA and Israel’s Mossad – but only one had a compelling motive – Mossad. That motive dovetailed perfectly with the Neocon PNAC agenda, with it’s explicitly stated need for “…a catastrophic and catalyzing event – like a new Pearl Harbor” [1] in order to mobilise US public opinion for already planned wars, the effects of which would be to destroy Israel’s enemies.

This article marshals evidence for the proposition that “Israel did it”.

Contents

[hide]

Acknowledgments

The basic structure of this article, together with much of its content is taken from a May 2009 post on the Information Underground forum headed “Israel did 9/11 – All the proof in the world”[2]

Control of World Trade Center Complex

The first step in preparations for the 9/11 attacks was to secure control of the World Trade Centre Complex itself. This was crucial because without complete control, the setting of explosive charges to bring down the towers would be next to impossible without serious risk of discovery.

Four key Zionist Network assets

Larry Silverstein

Frank Lowy

Ronald Lauder

Lewis Eisenberg

  • Larry Silverstein – Silverstein is a Jewish American businessman from New York. Larry obtained a 99 year lease on the entire world trade center complex on 24 July, 2001. [3] The towers were in fact close to worthless, being filled with asbestos, [4] yet Silverstein “felt a compelling urge to own them”. Silverstein had breakfast in “Windows on the World” restaurant (located in North Tower 107th Floor) every morning. [5] but was absent from this routine meeting on the morning of September the 11th. Silverstein’s two children, who also worked in the WTC, decided to take that day off as well. Larry Silverstein was paid a little over $4.5 Billion in insurance money as a result of the destruction of the WTC complex. [6] Silverstein was on personal friendship terms with Zionist media-magnate Rupert Murdoch, former Israeli president & infamous Zionist war criminal Ariel Sharon, as well as Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu. Silverstein was such good friends with Netanyahu that, according to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz he would speak with him on the phone every sunday. [7]
  • Video – Where was Larry Silverstein on 9/11?
  • Frank Lowy [8]– Lowy, a Czechoslovakia born Jew, was the owner of Westfield America, one of the biggest shopping mall conglomerates in the world. Lowy leased the shopping concourse area called the Mall at the World Trade Center, made up of approximately 427,000 square feet of retail floor space.

Frank Lowy has an interesting history. He was a member of the Golani Brigade, and fought in the Israeli war of independence. Before this he was a member of Hagganah, a Jewish terrorist organization. He spends three months of the year at his home in Israel and has been described by the Sydney Morning Herald as “a self-made man with a strong interest in the Holocaust and Israeli politics.” He funded and launched the Israeli Institute for National Strategy and Policy, which will “operate within the framework of Tel Aviv University” in Israel. He is also close friends with many top Israeli officials such as Ehud Olmert, Ariel Sharon, Bibi Netanyahu, and Ehud Barak. He was implicated in an Israeli Bank Scandal with Olmert. [9] Frank Lowy was not at the WTC on 9/11.

  • Lewis Eisenberg – Eisenberg was the head of the Port Authority of New York and authorized the lease transfer to Silverstein and Lowy. [10] Eisenberg was a large contributor to the Bush-Cheney presidential campaign, as well as a partner in the Jewish bank Goldman-Sachs. Eisenberg has been both a member of the Planning Board of the United Jewish Appeal/United Jewish Federation pro-Israeli government pressure group in the U.S. [11]
  • Ronald Lauder – Billionaire Estée Lauder Cosmetics magnate. He was the chairman of NY Governor George Pataki’s commission on privatization. He is the key individual who lobbied for the privatization of the WTC [12] — but he was also instrumental in the successful privatisation of the former Stewart Air Force Base. Oddly, the flight paths of flight 175 and flight 11 converged directly over this airport. Map

Lauder is active in the following organizations:

  • Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations
  • Jewish National Fund
  • World Jewish Congress
  • American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
  • Anti-Defamation League
  • Jewish Theological Seminary.

Lauder was elected president of the World Jewish Congress on 10 June, 2007.

Lauder founded a school for the Mossad in Herzliya, Israel called the Lauder School of Government Diplomacy and Strategy. He is arguably the key Sayan in the preparation of 9/11.

WTC Security In Zionist Hands

Jules Kroll

Jeremy Kroll

The second crucial aspect of control was that of security for the WTC complex. This was was required to provide unquestioned access to strategic areas of the buildings for the purposes of rigging explosives in the period prior to the attacks.

The contract to run security at the WTC was awarded to Kroll Associates after the 1993 WTC bombing. Kroll is otherwise known as “Wallstreet’s CIA”. The contract was awarded by The Port Authority of New York and $2.5 million was paid to them to revamp security at the complex. The owners of Kroll were two Zionist Jews named Jules & Jeremy Kroll.

The managing director of Kroll at the time was Jerome M. Hauer.

Jerome Hauer

Hauer was also the person chosen to run Mayor Rudy Guiliani’s office of emergency management (OEM) from 1996 to 2000. He is the key individual that pushed for this office to be placed in Silverstein’s WTC Building 7 (ie the third tall building to collapse on 9/11).

Jerome Hauer is also Jewish and a staunch Zionist. Hauer’s mother, Rose Muscatine Hauer, is the retired Dean of the Beth Israel School of Nursing and the Honorary President of the New York Chapter of Hadassah, the Daughters of Zion movement that is one of the central Zionist organizations involved in the creation and support of the State of Israel.

Pre-Knowledge of Anthrax Mailings

It was Jerome Hauer who advised the White House staff to start taking “CIPRO” – the anti-biotic effective against Anthrax – a week prior to the Anthrax mailings attack[13]

Hauer is an ‘expert’ in Bio-Terrorism and was the one who was in charge of the NIH response to the anthrax attacks. His reactions to the anthrax mailings were, at best, slow and he took every opportunity to invoke “Osama Bin Laden” in the rhetoric he employed in his public utterances about them.

Who Killed John O’Neil?

John O’Neil

Former special agent FBI, John O’Neil, who coincidentally had previously been tasked with investigating Bin Laden, was hired as head of security at the WTC complex by Jerome Hauer. Amazingly, O’Neil was killed on his FIRST day of work – 9/11.

It is important to note that O’Neil had quit his job at the FBI after his investigation into the U.S.S. Cole attack in Yemen had been obstructed & sabotaged by U.S ambassador to Yemen, Zionist Barbara Bodine. This is because the U.S.S. Cole attack was likely NOT carried out by Al Qaeda. The ship was hit by an Israeli cruise missile [14] to sway public opinion against the Arabs (Al Qaeda), as well as to demonize the Democrats who were not taking threats of terrorism seriously. The upshot was that a compliant George Bush Jr. was propelled into office in time for 9/11. All this was buried in complex bureaucratic obfuscation.

Airport Security In Israeli Hands

The third crucial aspect of control to be established was that of security at all of the airports from which the hijacking flights would originate. Passenger screening needed to be handled by controlled operatives so as to allow certain people and items (i.e. weapons) onto the planes.

ICTS-Mossad.jpg

The company that ran airport security at all three airports where the alleged hijackings originated was Huntsleigh USA a wholly owned subsidiary of ICTS International and owned by Ezra Harel and Menachem Atzmon – both Israeli Jews.

The company was run by “experts” in the security and intelligence field – Israeli intelligence that is. Most employees were ex- Shin Bet agents. It is not credible that this company, which ran security at both Boston Logan and Newark airports, was so slipshod as to allow 19 Arabs to board 4 different planes with box-cutters, mace, and even a gun.

Menachem Atzmon, former Likud treasurer in the 80’s, together with Ehud Olmert and other Likudniks was involved in an Israeli political scandal. He was convicted of fraud, falsifying documents, and breaching Party Funding Law.

Richard Reid. The “Shoe-bomber”

The “Underwear Bomber”

ICTS was also in charge of airport security when the shoe bomber, Richard Reid boarded a plane with, allegedly, a shoe bomb. If Reid were really a terrorist rather than a Mossad Patsy, then ICTS would not have allowed him board the plane.

Another point indicating ICTS’s complicity is that a few hours before the Patriot Act was voted onto the statute book, it was edited to make foreign companies in charge of security on 9/11, immune to lawsuits. This effectively prevents American courts from demanding that ICTS provide testimony or hand over surveillance videos from the airports.

Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab (also referred to as “Underwear Bomber) is a Muslim Nigerian citizen and alleged terrorist who attempted to detonate plastic explosives hidden in his underwear on board of Northwest Airlines Flight 253, en route from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan, on Christmas Day December 25, 2009. Abdulmutallab boarded the US bound plane from Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. Kurt Haskell, an attorney from Michigan, also boarded the same flight and he recalls seeing Abdulmutallab and another “sharp dressed” Indian looking man who helped Abdulmutallab board the flight. Haskell claims that Abdulmutallab boarded the flight without a passport. The security at the Schiphol Airport is also handled by the Israeli-owned ICTS International.

Prior Knowledge

Gomel Chesed Cemetery Incident

Gomel Chesed Cemetary

In October 2000, approximately 11 months before 9/11, a retired Israeli Defense Forces(IDF) officer, and veteran of the Yom Kippur War(1973), was collecting English Ivy Cuttings at the Gomel Chesed Cemetery located at McClellan and 245 Mount Olive Avenue, which is near the city lines of Elizabeth and Newark, New Jersey. The Gomel Chesed Cemetery is a Jewish cemetery.

The man overheard a conversation spoken in Hebrew, which drew his attention. He hid behind an 8-foot tall retaining wall and listened in to their conversation as they stood below. Shortly after a Lincoln town car approached the two people and the man in the backseat got out to greet them. After normal niceties were exchanged the third man said:

“The Americans will learn what it is to live with terrorists after the planes hit the twins in September.”

One of the men that had been leaning against the retaining wall expressed concerns that the upcoming presidential election (November 2000) might impact the plans. The man that arrived in the Town Car quelled the doubts by saying:

“Don’t worry, we have people in high places and no matter who gets elected, they will take care of everything.”

The observer who overheard this conversation related it to the FBI on numerous occasions only to be ignored each time. Nothing was done about it, and no investigation into the incident has ever taken place.

Israeli Citizens Get Tipped Off

Odigo logo

Israeli instant messaging company, Odigo, admitted that two of its employees received instant messages warning of an impeding attack 2 hours prior to the first plane hitting. This warning was NOT passed on to the authorities.

  • Odigo had a feature on its service that allowed the passing on of messages through a search feature based on nationality. Knowing these two particular Israelis were forewarned, it is possible – even likely – that they passed the message on to other Israelis. This is especially so considering that, out of the 4000 Israelis believed to have worked in and around the WTC and the Pentagon only FIVE died. 5/4000 Israelis. Statistically, with no forewarning about 10% (ie 400 of 4000) would have died; a toll as low as 200-300/4000 would not convincingly indicate foreknowledge. But only FIVE Israelis died and two of the five were aboard the allegedly hijacked flights; thus only three Israelis died in the WTC itself on 9/11 – An astonishing statistic!. NB – this applies to Israeli nationals, NOT American Jews. Many Jews died in the WTC on 9/11.
  • Odigo has offices in New York, and in Herzliya, Israel. Herzliya also happens to be the home of the Mossad Headquarters.
  • Odigo was later acquired by another Israeli company called Comverse. The CEO of Comverse was Kobi Alexander, “dual” Israeli-US citizen, with connections to Mossad. He has been charged on several counts of fraud.

Anomalous trading in the Securities Markets

There are about 30 separate reports of anomalous securities/derivatives dealings in currencies, precious metals, insurance companies and airlines, listed on the History Commons 9/11 Timeline, [15] that indicate foreknowledge of the attacks.

Other forewarnings

  • On Sep 10, 2001, the Tokyo branch of Goldman Sachs warned its American employees to steer clear of American buildings.
  • ZIM, an Israeli company, vacated its office (10,000 square feet) in the North WTC tower a week before 9/11, breaking its lease. 49% of this company is owned by the Israeli government. The lease ran till the end of 2001, and it cost the company $50,000 to break it early. Later, FBI agent Michael Dick, who was investigating Israeli spying before and after 9/11 and looking into the suspicious move, was removed from his duties by the then head of the Justice Department’s criminal division, Michael Chertoff, another Jew and staunch supporter of Zionism.

According to a non-official cover (NOC) CIA source who worked closely with Dick, the ‘Israeli movers’ moved in explosives when ZIM moved out. With ZIM Israel bailing out just in time, this left one Israeli company, Clearforest with 19 employees, in the WTC on 9/11. Of the five employees in the building all managed to escape.

Mossad connections

U.S. Army Study: On Mossad

Mossad seal

In 2001, an elite US Army study center devised a plan for enforcing a major Israeli-Palestinian peace accord that would require about 20,000 well-armed troops stationed throughout Israel and a newly created Palestinian state. The report attempts to predict events in the first year of a peace-enforcement operation, and sees possible dangers for U.S. troops from both sides. Of the Mossad, the Israeli intelligence service, the US army officers say:“Wildcard. Ruthless and cunning. Has capability to target U.S. forces and make it look like a Palestinian/Arab act.”

The amazing thing about this is that this story was reported in the Washington Post on September 10, 2001. [16]

Israeli espionage around 9/11

Shortly before 9/11, over 140 Israelis had been arrested for suspected espionage. Some of them were posing as Art students. These suspects targeted or penetrated Military bases, DEA, FBI, Secret Service, ATF, U.S. Customs, IRS, INS, EPA, Interior Dept., U.S. Marshal’s Service, various US Attorneys Offices, Secret government offices Unlisted private homes of law enforcement/intelligence officers. Most of the suspects served in military intelligence, electronic surveillance intercept and or explosive ordinance units.

Dozens of Israelis were arrested in American malls kiosks selling toys, acting as a front for a spying operation.

60 detained suspects worked for the Israeli company AMDOCS which provides most directory assistance calls and most call records and billings services for the U.S. by virtue of its contracts with the 25 largest telephone companies in the U.S.

All alleged 9/11 hijackers had fake IDs. During a joint FBI-CIA operation against the alleged lead hijacker Mohammad Atta in Fort Lee, NJ in 2001, the operation was photographed by Israeli agents and thereby compromised. These Jews were arguably providing cover for the future patsy hijacker teams.

  • Video – Israel spies on the USA part 1
  • Video – Israel spies on the USA part 2
  • Video – Israel spies on the USA part 3
  • Video – Israel spies on the USA part 4

After 9/11 – More detentions of Israelis

Following 9/11, over 60 Israelis were detained either under the Patriot anti-Terrorism Act or for immigration violations. Some of them were active Israeli military personnel. A number of them failed polygraph examinations when questioned for surveillance activities against the US Some of them were found to have been spying on Arabs.

Five Dancing Israelis

3 of the 5 “Dancing Israelis” on Israeli TV

Of the 90 or so detained Israelis there was a group of five Israelis, now widely known as the “dancing Israelis”, who were spotted in multiple locations filming, and celebrating the attacks.

The men were detained by NYPD. The police and FBI field agents became suspicious when they found maps of the city with certain places highlighted, box cutters (the same items that the hijackers allegedly used), $4,700 cash stuffed in a sock, and foreign passports. Police also told a New Jersey local paper, The Bergen Record, that bomb sniffing dogs were brought to the van and that they reacted as if they had smelled explosives.

Their names were Sivan & Paul Kurzberg, Yaron Schmuel, Oded Ellner & Omer Marmari.

“We are not your problem”?

According to ABC News 20/20, after these five Israelis were detained, the driver of the van – Sivan Kurzberg – told the officers: “We are Israeli. We are not your problem. Your problems are our problems. The Palestinians are the problem.”

They later appeared on an Israeli talk show and claimed that they were in NYC that morning “to document the event”. Witnesses reported they had set cameras PRIOR to the first plane strike, and were seen congratulating one another afterward. The five jubilant Israelis were also seen photographing one another. The FBI seized and developed their photos, one of which shows Sivan Kurzberg flicking a cigarette lighter in front of the smoldering ruins in an apparently celebratory gesture.

  • Video – Five Dancing Israelis Arrested On 9/11
  • Video – Cheering Israelis 1
  • Video – Cheering Israelis 2

Truck Bomb Destined for George Washington Bridge

The Jerusalem Post later reported that a white van containing a bomb was stopped as it approached the George Washington Bridge, but the ethnicity of the suspects was not revealed. This what the Jerusalem Post reported on September 12, 2001:

American security services overnight stopped a car bomb on the George Washington Bridge. The van, packed with explosives, was stopped on an approach ramp to the bridge. Authorities suspect the terrorists intended to blow up the main crossing between New Jersey and New York, Army Radio reported.

  • Video – 911 Explosive laden van 2-3 arrests

Mural Van

One of the more bizarre events of the day came in the form of a mysterious white van parked a few blocks away from the twin towers on 6th and King Street, that had a mural painted on the side that depicted a jetliner crashing into the twin towers and exploding.

This police audio transmission indicates that the two suspects in the van started to run away when the van was stopped and were apprehended shortly thereafter in some sort of struggle. The police recording also indicates that the mural van subjext to a controlled explosion following detainment of the two suspects.

  • Video – 911 Mural Van NYPD Recording

Further corroboration of this incident came in the form of a reference in the February 2006 Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies (MTI) report entitled: “Saving City Lifelines: Lessons Learned in the 9-11 Terrorist Attacks”. The relevant quote is as follows:

“There were continuing moments of alarm. A panel truck with a painting of a plane flying into the World Trade Center was stopped near the temporary command post. It proved to be rented to a group of ethnic Middle Eastern people who did not speak English. Fearing that it might be a truck bomb, the NYPD immediately evacuated the area, called out the bomb squad, and detained the occupants until a thorough search was made. The vehicle was found to be an innocent delivery truck.”

The report is a whitewash but nonetheless credible evidence of the existence of the mural-painted van. Apparently the people who wrote this didn’t find it odd that a delivery truck rented to “ethnic middle easterners” was painted up with a mural depicting the very events of the day! The police transmission speaks of an explosion yet this report mentions none. It safe to assume that the “ethnic middle easterners” referenced in the quote were not Arabs, because had they been, it would have been front page news. The incident was not mentioned in any official government reports. Official handling of the incident provides strong indication that these “ethnic middle easterners” were in fact Israelis.

Urban Moving Systems

All of the white vans belonged to the company “Urban Moving Systems” under the direction of Dominic Suter, an Israeli Spy who immediately fled to Israel after the attacks. It was confirmed by two former CIA officers that this Israeli company was a front operation for the Mossad. The two CIA sources noted that movers vans are a common intelligence cover. The Israelis were held in custody for 71 days before being quietly released.

  • Video – Mossad Truck Bombs on Sept 11

Israeli Intelligence and P-tech

Ptech Software systems – computer control backdoor

Ptech.jpg

Michael Goff

MasonicArms.jpg

Most computerized systems likely to have been involved in jet-fighter scrambling decisions on 9/11 were running Ptech software. A list of Ptech clients includes the FAA, N.A.T.O, United States Armed Forces, Congress, Dept. Of Energy, Dept. of Justice, FBI, Customs, the IRS, the Secret Service, and even the White House.

Zionist Jew Michael S. Goff was marketing manager at Ptech and also worked for Israeli database company Guardium (Director Amit Yoran); Guardium has been funded by Cedar Fund, Veritas Venture Partners, and StageOne, all Mossad funding outfits.

So, with Ptech, what we had was an American “sayan” (i.e. Jewish agent who works for the Mossad when needed), Michael S. Goff, with Mossad agents feeding him information and directing him while he worked with his Lebanese Muslim “partners” in Ptech.

Why would a young American lawyer working with a good law firm (Sedar & Chandler) in his home town suddenly leave the practice of law and work with a dodgy start-up software company owned and financed by a Lebanese and a Saudi? Goff’s family is a respected and well-known family in Worcester, Mass. He was established at a good law firm after leaving law school.

Under Goff, Ptech software – loaded with trapdoors and Trojan Horses – was sold and loaded onto the MOST sensitive computer systems. The same computer systems that failed miserably – or performed well, depending on your view – on 11 September 2001.

Goff’s father and grandfather were both accountants who belonged to Worcester’s “Commonwealth Lodge 600 of B’nai B’rith”. They were both 32nd Degree Masons.

MITRE corporation (computer software)

Schlesinger.jpg

MITRE – major defense contracting organization headed by former Director of Central Intelligence James Schlesinger. It has been said that Schlesinger is a devout Lutheran, but his Wikipedia profile states he was born to Russian/Austrian Jewish parents and is therefore undoubtedly a Zionist.

Ptech, along with the MITRE corporation, occupied the basement of the FAA for two years prior to 9/11. Their specific job was to look at interoperability issues between the FAA, NORAD and the US Air Force during an emergency.

Precision guided plane?

The first plane to hit the WTC (North Tower) hit the computer room of Marsh & McClennan, which had recently acquired Kroll Associates, which was owned by son of AIG CEO Maurice Greenberg & Jules Kroll.

Rabbi Dov Zakheim and Systems Planning Corporation

Dov Zakheim

Many researchers believe that the planes which struck the twin towers were precision guided by remote control. Although science fiction-sounding at first blush, remote control technology of airplanes has been around for decades. SPC Corporation provided the flight termination system and command transmitter system, the technology that allows planes to be remote controlled should the pilots be incapacitated or the plane hijacked.

Rabbi Dov Zakheim was the appointed Undersecretary of Defense and Comptroller from 2001 to 2004 under the George W. Bush administration. Zakheim is the man responsible for the disappearance of $2.6 TRILLION that went missing from the Pentagon books which was announced by Donald Rumsfeld on 10th September, 2001. The story was buried under 9/11’s rubble.

The specific section of the Pentagon that was “hit” or “blown up” contained the years budgetary information, as well as accountants, bookkeepers and budget analysts; many of whom died on 9/11.

In May 2001, when Zakheim served at the Pentagon, it was an SPS (his firm’s) subsidiary, Tridata Corporation, that oversaw the investigation of the first “terrorist” attack on the World Trade Center in 1993. This would have given them intimate knowledge of the security systems and structural blueprints of the buildings complex.

According to the SPC website, a recent customer at that time was Eglin AFB, located in Florida. Eglin is very near another Air Force base in Florida-MacDill AFB, where Dov Zakheim contracted to send at least 32 Boeing 767 aircraft, as part of the Boeing /Pentagon tanker lease agreement.

Considering his access to Boeing 767 tankers, remote control flight systems, and his published views in the PNAC document, it seems likely he is in fact a key figure in the 9/11 terrorist attacks

The US Military Knows Israel did it

 

This video is overlaid onto the soundtrack of a March 2010 interview by Gordon Duff with Dr Alan Zabrosky, Jewish former Director of Studies at the US army War College. Sabrosky makes a case, not just for a coverup of 9/11 but goes much further. He points out as do so many that the physics of the attack are unworkable. He, however, is one of the few to point to a conclusion many find obvious but few have the nerve to admit, that it would have been impossible to stage 9/11 without the full resources of both the CIA and Mossad and that 9/11 served the core interests of both agencies.

Sabrosky also makes a point involving media coverage of 9/11:

Finally, we need to take a hard look at why the mainstream media (MSM) have paid more attention to Sarah Palin’s wardrobe than they have to dissecting blatant falsehoods, discrepancies and inconsistencies in the US Government’s treatment of 9/11 and its aftermath.

Zionism and Treason

The inescapable point isn’t the 60,000 Americans killed or wounded in a war started out of treason or the world it threatens to destroy. Americans have been looking away from these glaring realities the way they looked away from Vietnam. Sabrosky leaves Israel and her American Jewish supporters who he sees as traitors with a warning:

If these Americans and those like them ever fully understand just how much of their suffering — and the suffering we have inflicted on others — is properly laid on the doorsteps of Israel and its advocates in America, they will sweep aside those in politics, the press and the pulpits alike whose lies and disloyalty brought this about and concealed it from them. They may well leave Israel looking like Carthage after the Romans finished with it. It will be Israel’s own great fault.

Do we take Sabrosky seriously because he is a Marine or a Jew? Do we wonder why the things he says reach so few? Is America in a shooting war where its biggest enemy sits behind it, killing its people, robbing it blind and whispering gently how much it is loved?

It would seem so.

Cover Up

9/11 Investigation in Zionist Hands

Judge Alvin Hellerstein

Judge Michael B Mukasey

Michael Chertoff. Head of Justice Dept Criminal Division

Kenneth Feinberg. I/C Victims compensation fund

Sheila Birnbaum. Legal disputes mediator

Ben Chertoff – Popular Mechanics Debunking article

Stehen Cauffman

Immediately following the 11 September attacks, the Zionist network was methodically maneuvering behind the scenes to quash any legitimate investigation that might reveal what really happened that day. They made it their goal to control any and all angles of so called “investigation” so that they could quickly cover up any and all evidence pointing to Zionist involvement

All appointed chief judges were Zionist Jews:

  • Alvin K. Hellerstein – a judge for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York and has been involved in several high-profile 9/11 related cases including consolidated master case against three airlines, ICTS International NV and Pinkerton’s airport security firms, the World Trade Center owners, and Boeing Co., the aircraft manufacturer. Hellerstein is a dedicated Zionist and Israeli nationalist who has ties to the Jewish mafia dating back to 1956. Hellerstein’s wife is a former senior officer & current treasurer of AMIT. From its website it states: “Founded in 1925, AMIT is the world’s leading supporter of religious Zionist education and social services for Israel’s children and youth, nurturing and educating Israeli children to become productive, contributing members of society.”
  • Michael B. Mukasey – This Orthodox Jewish judge oversaw the litigation between Larry Silverstein and insurance companies after 9/11. Silverstein was awarded billions. Mukasey prevented full inquiry into the Five Dancing Israelis incident who were arrested in connection with 9/11. He played a role in their release. He was later appointed attorney general by President Bush. He defended the patriot act, and he supports torture policies.
  • Michael Chertoff – In charge of the Criminal Division in the Justice Department on 9/11. Essentially responsible for the 9/11 NON-investigation. He let hundreds of Israeli spies who were arrested prior to and on 9/11 go back home to Israel. He was also a prosecuting judge in the first terrorist attack on the WTC in 1993. Chertoff purportedly holds dual citizenship with the US and Israel. His family is one of the founding families of the state of Israel and his mother was one of the first ever agents of the Mossad, Israel’s spy agency. His father and uncle are ordained rabbis and teachers of the Talmud.
  • Kenneth Feinberg – set up the victim’s compensation fund ($7 billion); controlled by a Zionist cabal, it managed to get 97% of the victims’ families to take money in exchange for dropping demands a legal investigation of 9/11.
  • Sheila Birnbaum – Another key Zionist involved in the cover-up of 9/11 is Sheila Birnbaum of Skaddan, Arps law firm. Birnbaum was appointed ‘special mediator’ of the legal suits filed by the 3% of families who decided not to be bought off. Nothing of significance has happened with these claims since.
  • Benjamin Chertoff – (cousin of Michael Chertoff) – Ben wrote the 9/11 hit piece in Popular Mechanics claiming to “debunk 9/11 conspiracy theories”. His use of ridiculous straw-man arguments largely discredits the piece though it is still widely quoted by defenders of ‘the official narrative’. He claims his relation to Michael Chertoff is “distant” but Chris Bollyn proves otherwise.
  • Stephen Cauffman – Leader of NIST investigations which in total amount to a systematic coverup of the WTC 7 collapse. The NIST position remains that fire, together with minor damage caused by ‘ejected debris’ from the collapse of the North Tower situated a block away with WTC building 8 in between, brought down WTC building 7.

9/11 Commission: Zionist controlled

Philip Zelikow. 9/11 Commission Executive Director

  • Philip Zelikow (Dual Citizen US / Israel) – 9/11 Commission Gatekeeper

Zelikow was appointed the executive director of the 9/11 commission – the most powerful position of the committee. This Zionist Jew is responsible for concocting the contrived fiction that was presented as the 9/11 Commission Report – official narrative. The report contains hundreds of glaring anomalies, contradictions, omissions and downright falsehoods. It even manages to omit any reference at all to the collapse of Building 7 at 5:20 pm.

Initially Henry Kissenger was appointed as executive director but surrendered the post after enormous protest. This paved the way for Zionist operative Zelikow to take the helm. Zelikow has numerous conflicts of interest that clearly inhibited his ability to tell the truth to the American people about the 9/11 terror attacks.

Zelikow was a Bush Admin insider, having been on the transition team in early 2000. In 1989-91 Zelikow worked with Condoleezza Rice on the National Security Council for the Bush Sr. Administration. In 1995, Zelikow and Rice wrote a book together. From 1996-98 Zelikow is director of the Aspen Strategy Group which also included people such as Condoleezza Rice, Dick Cheney and Paul Wolfowitz as fellow members. After George W. Bush took office, Zelikow was named to a position on the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board [PFIAB], and worked on other Administration task forces and commissions. Zelikow position on the Commission made him its ‘Gatekeeper” enabling him to decide which topics would or would not be investigated. He was also secretly in contact with one of Bush’s close advisors – Karl Rove – throughout the gestation of the Commission Report.

Crime Scene Evidence Quickly Removed and Destroyed

SIMS Logo

Alan D. Ratner’s Metals Management and the SIMS group was made responsible for quickly scooping up the WTC steel/debris and shipping it off to Asian smelters. Alan Ratner is Jewish. Ratner merged with the SIMS group and the Hugo Neu corporation and they made a handsome profit. Ratner sold over 50,000 tons of crime scene evidence steel to a Chinese company at $120 per ton. Ratner had obtained it for $70 per ton. He not only destroyed evidence from one of the biggest crime scenes in history, he made a vast profit doing so. More research on the criminal destruction of crime scene evidence can be found here.

Zionist 9/11 Personalities

Rabbi Div Zakheim

Michael Chertoff

Richard Perle

Paul Wolfowitz

Douglas Feith

Eliot Abrams

Marc Grossman

Ari Fleischer

Zionist Jews in all the Right Positions!

It should be noted that Jews were extremely over-represented in the Bush Administration. An ethnic minority group which comprises just 2% of the American population had 42 of its people in top positions in Bush’s cabinet. This extreme over-representation of Zionist Jews illustrates the extent of their control of the American government at the time of 9/11. Absent involvement by many of the key Zionist personalities detailed here, 9/11 could not have happened.

  • Rabbi Dov Zakheim – Co-author of the PNAC paper on rebuilding America’s defenses advocating the necessity of a Pearl Harbor-like incident to mobilize America. Served as Pentagon comptroller from May 4, 2001 to March 10, 2004. Two large sums of money disappeared from the Pentagon on his watch. In the beginning $2.3 trillion was reported missing by Donald Rumsfeld (September 10, 2001) and later Zakheim was unable to account for another trillion. Zakheim also had flights of American F-15s and F-16s sold as surplus to Israel at a fraction of their value.

 

  • Michael Chertoff – Assistant attorney general for the criminal division of the Justice Department; later, Director of Homeland Security. His wife, Meryll Chertoff, was a regional director of the ADL. His mother was a flight attendant for El Al and thus had involvement with Mossad. His father and uncle are Rabbis.

 

  • Richard Perle – Chairman of Pentagon’s Defense Policy Board. He was expelled from Sen. Henry Jackson’s office in the 1970s after the NSA caught him passing highly classified documents to Israel.

 

  • Paul Wolfowitz – Was Deputy Defense Secretary and a member of the Defense Policy Board in the Pentagon.

 

  • Douglas Feith – Headed reconstruction in Iraq. Effectively in command, with Wolfowitz, of the War Department on 9-11; Undersecretary of War for Policy. Fired from National Security Council in 1976 on suspicion of passing classified documents to Israel. “Dual Citizen” of US-Israel. Douglas Feith created the “Office of Special Plans” shortly after 9/11 which was where all of the fake intelligence accusing Iraq of developing WMD’s and having ties to Al Qaida came from.

 

  • Eliot Abrams – Key National Security Council Advisor. Associated with criminal Zionist / Pro-Israel think-tanks: AEI, PNAC, CSP, and JINSA. Closely associated with other criminal Jews Perle, Feith, Wolfowtiz, and Bill Kristol. Convicted of lying to congress in the Iran/Contra Affair but was later given a pardon by Bush.

 

  • Marc Grossman – Under Secretary for Political Affairs on 9-11; met with General Mahmoud Ahmad, head of Pakistan’s ISI and 9-11 financier, on or shortly after 9-11; “dual citizen” of US and Israel

 

  • Ari Fleischer — White House spokesman for Bush on 9-11; Harlined Iraq WMD lies to the press; “dual citizen” of US and Israel; connected to the extremist group called the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidics

Who was on board flight 11?

Daniel Lewin

Daniel Lewin: Lewin, an Israeli Jew, was confirmed to be a member of the special Israeli commando unit, the Sayeret Matkal, which specializes in “anti-hijack” takeovers and assassinations. The official narrative has it that Lewin got involved in a struggle with one of the alleged hijackers and ended up getting shot, which was later revised to being stabbed.

The suggestion here is not that Lewin was on a suicide mission and flew into the towers; rather that he landed the plane at Stewart Airport where it was swapped for a remote control drone. Stewart Airport was the “privatized” airport where the flight-paths of the alleged planes that hit the twin towers, oddly converged.

Bush Speech Writers Grossly Inflate Number of Israeli Casualties

David Frum

On 20 September, 2001, in his address to the Joint Session of Congress following the 9/11 attacks, Bush grossly inflated the number of Israeli casualties in the attacks from 5 to 130.

Who was Bush’s Speechwriter?

  • David Frum: This Zionist personality was Bush’s Speechwriter at the time and is the one responsible for inflating the number of Israeli dead to 26x the actual number. Why did he do this? Because he’s a Zionist and was attempting to garner sympathy for Israel and project them as a ‘great ally’ of the United States who were now ‘partners’ in this global fight against “terrorism”.

Frum is also the man behind the “Axis Of Evil” label.

He also co-authored a book with Zionist Richard Perle, entitled “An End To Evil: How To Win The War On Terror”, about the “Global War On Terror”; it defends the illegal and fraudulent invasion of Iraq and calls for regime change in Iran & Syria.

Mohammed Atta Leads Us Directly To Jewish Crime Network Doorstep

Jack Abromoff

Less than one week before 9/11 several of the hijacker ‘patsies’, including Atta, boarded a Sun Cruz Casino Boat in Florida. Nobody knows why, and it has never been investigated.

  • Jack Abramoff: owned these casino boats. A Zionist Jew, he entertained the Arab patsies aboard his yacht. Abramoff was a Bush Administration insider having been on the Transition Advisory Team assigned to the Department of the Interior in 2001.

Abramoff is a convicted criminal lobbyist who is a central figure in a plethora of political scandals, fraud, and other scams. He is currently serving a five year prison term for fraud, conspiracy, and tax evasion. He also had foreknowledge of the Zionist engineered War In Iraq.

Al Qaida = Mossad Playing Dress Up

Adam Yahiye Gadahn

Ziad Jarrah and Mohammed Atta

A translation of ‘Al-Qaeda’ (not the only one) is ‘The Base,’. It also translates to ‘The Toilet.’ The Arabic word ‘Qa’ada’ means ‘to sit’ (on the toilet bowl). Arab homes have three kinds of toilets: ‘Hamam Franji’ or ‘Al-Qaeda’ or foreign toilet, ‘Hamam Arabi’ or Arab toilet, and a potty used for children called ‘Ma Qa’adia’ or ‘Little Qaeda.’ ‘Ana raicha Al Qaeda’ is a colloquial expression for ‘I’m going to the toilet.’

  • Why would a terrorist group appear to revel in the name ‘The Toilet’?.

“The Base” is also the Arab colloquialism for a CIA maintained computerised database of foreign fighters prepared to harass both the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan and support Muslim fighters in the former Yugoslavia. In other words it is a CIA construct and a very useful ongoing Zionist/US fiction.

Ali al-Jarrah

Adam Yahiye Gadahn also known as Azzam the American is the so called Al Qaida spokesperson who releases videos tormenting the world with his anti-American rants. The FBI even have him on their most wanted terrorists list.

It turns out he is a Zionist Jew named Adam Pearlman, from California. Adam’s grandfather, Carl Pearlman, was a prominent surgeon and on the Board of Directors of the Anti-Defamation League! This is a script fit for a Hollywood movie. Spielberg to direct?

  • Video – Fake Al Qaeda Actors EXPOSED! Adam Gadahn & Yousef al-Khattab

Ziad Jarrah, the Duped Lebanese Mossad Stooge, with Mohammed Atta

To the left is a still image from “laughing hijackers” video showing Ziad Jarrah(left), and Mohammed Atta(right), allegedly making their martyrdom video just before 9/11, all the while laughing hysterically about it!

Ziad Jarrah’s cousin, Ali Al Jarrah , was recently discovered by Lebanese authorities to have been a spy for Israel for 25 years!!

Netanyahu Openly Gleeful of 9/11 Terror Attacks

Apparently Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu is so confident in Zionist control and domination that he haphazardly stated publicly that the 9/11 terrorist attacks were “good” for US – Israeli relations, and would generate “immediate sympathy” for the Israeli cause of ethnically cleansing the Palestinians.

The Israeli newspaper Ma’ariv reported that Likud leader Benjamin Netanyahu told an audience at Bar Ilan:

“We are benefiting from one thing, and that is the attack on the Twin Towers and Pentagon, and the American struggle in Iraq,” Ma’ariv quoted the former prime minister as saying. He reportedly added that these events “swung American public opinion in our favor.”

Note: A YouTube video corroborating Netanyahu’s words was removed for what is described as “a terms of use violation”
The YouTube link was: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZxPUIj4xxY

Of course Netanyahu’s nonchalantness about making such controversial statements in public is not that surprising considering how much control Zionist Jews have over the American media. The aftermath of 9/11 saw the Zionist-media unveil a relentless demonization campaign against Arabs stereotyping them as a bunch of fanatical plotting terrorists – a cause for celebration for Netanyahu and his brethren who look for any excuse to slaughter innocent Palestinians while confiscating their land.

Likely Architect of 9/11

Netanyahu is considered by many to be the architect of the 9/11, directing the Mossad/Shin Bet. He was Israeli PM at the time and has a long history of involvement in Israeli terrorism and politics. He’s been a prominent member of the Likud Government since 1993. The Likud Party is the literal successor of the Jewish terrorist organization known as the Irgun. He was the prime minister to whom the ACB Doc was presented. Netanyahu wrote a book in the early 80’s called Terrorism: How the West Can Win. He founded the Jonathan Institute in the late 1970’s to study (and plan) terrorism. Egyptian Intellectual, Hassan Al Bana, has stated publicly that he thinks Netanyahu planned 9/11 with the Jews at the Jonathan Institute. Al Bana cites a book written by Netanyahu called Uprooting Terrorism which speaks of plans to attack the U.N., and the World Trade Center with small nuclear bombs.

Connected Events Lead to Israel

Zionist would-be terrorist incident at the Mexican Congress Building

Mexican Congress.gif

As reported by La Vox De Atzlan, [17] two men posing as press photographers, but in reality Israeli Mossad agents, were arrested INSIDE the Mexican congress on October 10, 2001 armed with 9mm pistols, 9 grenades, explosives, three detonators, and 58 bullets, but were RELEASED from custody because of pressure from the Israeli embassy.

“We believe that the two Zionists terrorist were going to blow up the Mexican Congress. The second phase was to mobilize both the Mexican and US press to blame Osama bin Laden. Most likely then Mexico would declare war on Afghanistan as well, commit troops and all the oil it could spare to combat Islamic terrorism.”

The terrorists names were Salvador Guersson Smecke (retired Israeli IDF colonel), age 34, and Saur Ben Zvi, age 27.

These terrorists were released because of a very high level emergency meetings took place between Mexican Secretary of Foreign Relations Jorge Gutman, General Macedo de la Concha and an Ariel Sharon envoy who flew to Mexico City specially for that purpose.

Quotes From Prominent People

Former Italian President agrees, says Mossad did 9/11

Francesco Cossiga

Genral Hamid Gul

Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga, who revealed the existence of Operation Gladio, has told Italy’s oldest and most widely read newspaper that the 9-11 terrorist attacks were run by the Mossad, and that this was common knowledge among global intelligence agencies. In what translates awkwardly into English, Cossiga told the newspaper Corriere della Sera:

“All the [intelligence services] of America and Europe know well that the disastrous attack has been planned and realized from the Mossad, with the aid of the Zionist world in order to put under accusation the Arabic countries and in order to induce the western powers to take part in Iraq [and] Afghanistan.”

Former Pakistani ISI Director Says it was Mossad

In an interview only a mere weeks after 9/11, Hamid Gul — former head of Pakistani intelligence (ISI) from 1987-1989 — tells Arnaud de Borchgrave, United Press International of who he thinks was behind the attacks. Here are a few excerpts from the transcript which can be read in full here:

De Borchgrave: So who did Black Sept. 11?

Gul: Mossad and its accomplices.The U.S. spends $40 billion a year on its 11 intelligence agencies. That’s $400 billion in 10 years. Yet the Bush Administration says it was taken by surprise. I don’t believe it. Within 10 minutes of the second twin tower being hit in the World Trade Center CNN said Osama bin Laden had done it. That was a planned piece of disinformation by the real perpetrators. It created an instant mindset and put public opinion into a trance, which prevented even intelligent people from thinking for themselves.

See Also

  • File:Synthetic Terror.pdf – 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA by Webster Griffin Tarpley. A must-read in the quest to understand how False Flag attacks are planned and executed and the Deep State interests they serve.
  • File:Solving 9-11.pdf – Solving 9/11:The deception that changed the world by Christopher Bollyn. May 2011.
  • File:September 11 Commission Report.pdf – A December 2008, anonymously authored, 280 page Ebook that elaborates on many of the people, organisations, connections and events outlined in this article

References

  1. Rebuilding America’s Defences. PNAC September 2000
  2. The Information Underground – The original source on which much of this article is constructed
  3. Wikipedia – Silverstein
  4. WTC Towers Asbestos Problem – 911 Research
  5. Silverstein breakfasting routine – Manhattan Institute web site
  6. WTC Insure War is over – New York Times 24 May 2007
  7. Silverstein – Netanyahu close friends Haaretz
  8. Frank Lowy – Wikipedia page
  9. Lowy Implicated in Israeli Bank Scandal – ABC Net 25 October 2006
  10. World Trade Center Deal Remains in Doubt – New York Times 17 March 2001
  11. The Republican Jewish Coalition and the pro-Israel Lobby – Electronic Intifada 21 February 2005
  12. Port Authority Press Release 101 – 2001 – Para 9.
  13. Jerome Hauer Cipro advice to White House
  14. Clearing the baffles for 9/11 – para 39 Truthseeker 3 October 2005
  15. Complete 911 Timeline – Insider Trading and Other Foreknowledge]
  16. Document:U.S. troops would enforce peace under Army study
  17. Document:Zionist Terrorists Released by Mexican Attorney General La Vox de Azlan 15 October 2001

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Most Funniest Tweets: When Raja Rental Elected for PM

Most Funniest Tweets: When Raja Rental Elected for PM
Friday, 22 June 2012 09:19 Last Updated on Friday, 22 June 2012 09:22
Written by Shabih Jaffer


Muhammad ali khan @muhammadali786k

@Kashukhan128 Quaid-e-Azam must be kicking his grave. What a country where Asif ghaddari and
Raja Rental are ruling the life out of people.
Ixaidi ‏@iqbalxaidi

Indeed BB must be turning in her grave on Raja Rental being made PM. Every day is April Fool’s day in #Pakistan some how! WTF
Tahir ‏@Tahir_Saeed

@sharmilafaruqi Ab humare itne Bure AMAL hain ke Raja Rental Humara PM ban gaya hai . Ya Allah hunain maaf karna AMEEN SOMA AMEEN !!

jasminerafique ‏@jasminerafique

Salman Butt claims Innocence 🙂 – So much of Raja Rental anyways…

Abdul Majid Malik ‏@amajidmalik

Raja Rental as PM : Lambi hey gham ki raat magar raat hi toa hey.

Ghulam Qadir Ansari ‏@gqansari

Ch Shujaat accompanied Faisal Saleh Hyat to press charges against Rental Raja in SC now Q League supporting Raja Rental as PM. What a joke!


Scrapheap Orchestra ‏@RafiShaan

“@BabyBhutto: Uncle Raja Rental’s dream of buying a private island is about to become a reality! Thank you Taxpayers! #Pakistan #Pmln #ppp
Ayub Munir ‏@Ayubmunir

Finally Raja Rental is going to be in the driving seat, perhaps in future we will have a Rental Army etc

shazy ‏@shazyhaq

With Raja Rental expected, to be our new PM … This world will definitely end on December 31st.
Khalid Ahmed ‏@hazrateinsan

@jehan_ara @humorcarbons
Raja Rental as Crime Minister (AKHHHHHHH THUUUUUUUUUU)

Ali Munir ‏@ali_alimunir
Raja Rental as PM; Suicidal when the elections are arnd..Punjab on the streets,whthr by provocation or thr own will “Aa Bail Muje Marr”

jasminerafique ‏@jasminerafique
@betterpakistan Roti nahi to Cake khao vs Bijli nahi to Raja Rental Lao

Pip Cruncher ‏@PipCruncher
@NasimZehra This is what I was talking about a SYSTEM that makes Raja Rental PM in the week of worse power riots in country

ayyazmahmood ‏@ayyazmahmood4
@balalhaider U r right andho main kana Raja rental raja rental raja.

jasminerafique ‏@jasminerafique
LOL “@faisalqureshi: Mubarak ho. Raja Rental the next PM of Pakistan. Who said god doesn’t have a sense of humor?

Haider Ali Turab ‏@haideraliturab
Raja Rental as PM #OMG reminded me “Raat ka Handhaira” by #MalikRiaz
Courtesy:http://www.playtv.com.pk/news/gossips/1436-most-funniest-tweets-when-raja-rental-elected-for-pm.html

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