Major U.S. Arms Sales and Grants to Pakistan Since 2001
Prepared by the Congressional Research Service for distribution to multiple congressional offices, March 7, 2013
Major U.S. arms sales and grants to Pakistan since 2001 have included items useful for counterterrorism and
counterinsurgency operations.
In dollar value terms, the bulk of purchases have been made with Pakistani national funds, although U.S. grants
have eclipsed these in recent years. The Pentagon reports total Foreign Military Sales agreements with Pakistan
worth about $5.2 billion for FY2002-FY2011 (in-process sales of F-16 combat aircraft and related equipment
account for about half of this). The U.S. Congress has appropriated more than $3 billion in Foreign Military
Financing (FMF) for Pakistan since 2001, more than two-thirds of which has been disbursed. These funds are used
to purchase U.S. military equipment for longer-term modernization efforts. Pakistan has also been granted U.S.
defense supplies as Excess Defense Articles (EDA). Discord in the U.S.-Pakistan bilateral relationship beginning
mid-FY2011 has slowed the pace of transfers considerably.
Major post-2001 defense supplies provided, or soon to be provided, under FMF include:
eight P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft and their refurbishment (valued at $474 million, four
delivered, three of which were destroyed in a 2011 attack by Islamist militants);
2,007 TOW anti-armor missiles ($186 million; all delivered);
more than 5,600 military radio sets ($163 million);
six AN/TPS-77 surveillance radars ($100 million);
six C-130E transport aircraft and their refurbishment ($76 million);
the Perry-class missile frigate USS McInerney , via EDA ($65 million for refurbishment;
delivered);
20 AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters via EDA ($48 million, 12 refurbished and delivered); and
Supplies paid for with a mix of Pakistani national funds and FMF include:
up to 60 Mid-Life Update kits for F-16A/B combat aircraft (valued at $891 million, with $477
million of this in FMF, Pakistan currently plans to purchase 45 such kits and 8 have been
delivered to date); and
115 M-109 self-propelled howitzers ($87 million, with $53 million in FMF).
Notable items paid or to be paid for entirely with Pakistani national funds include:
! 18 new F-16C/D Block 52 combat aircraft (valued at $1.43 billion; all delivered);
! F-16 armaments including 500 AMRAAM air-to-air missiles; 1,450 2,000-pound bombs; 500
JDAM Tail Kits for gravity bombs; and 1,600 Enhanced Paveway laser-guided kits, also for
gravity bombs ($629 million);
100 Harpoon anti-ship missiles ($298 million);
500 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles ($95 million); and
six Phalanx Close-In Weapons System naval guns ($80 million).
Major articles transferred via EDA include:
14 F-16A/B combat aircraft; and
59 T-37 military trainer jets.
Under Coalition Support Funds (part of the Pentagon budget), Pakistan received 26 Bell 412 utility helicopters,
Skirmishes between US and Pakistani troops during operation enduring freedom in Afghanistan started in june 2008, and have since then sow discord between the two countries. In 2011, after the Salala incident had killed 24 Pakistanese soldiers on the poorly defined border, Pakistan closed the ISAF supply lines for 9 months.
The ISAF supply lines that runs from Karachi to Afghanistan are much shorter than those from the NDN ( Northern Distribution Network ) and logically much cheaper.
The increasing number of UAV strikes in the FATA ( Federaly Administered Tribal Areas ) have also been sources of critics from Pakistani officials.
Foreign Military Sales
click for larger resolution:
*1: 8 P-3 Orion MPA. *2: 6 C-130E. *3:1 Oliver Hazard Perry FFG. *4: 20 AH-1F helicopters.
*5: 5600 military radios. *6: 6 AN/TPS-77 radars. *7: 2007 BGM-71 missiles.*8: 60 update kits for F-16A/Bfighters. *9: 115 M-109 SPH. *10: 1600 Paveway kits. *11: 18 F-16C/D fighters.
*12: 6 Phalanx CIWS. *13: 100 RGM-84 missiles. *14: 500 JDAM bombs.*15: 500 AIM-120 missiles. *16: 500 AIM-9 missiles *17: 14 F-16A/Bfighters. *18: 59 T-37 aircrafts.
FMS ( Foreign Military Sales ) and FMF ( Foreign Military Financing ) programs facilitates arms deal to foreign governments. The FMS program act as a go-between for the US arms companies and foreign governments, while the FMF program provides grants for the acquisition of U.S. defense equipment.
According to the US DoS ( Department of State ) website, the objectives pursued by FMF are:
-
Improve the military capabilities of key friendly countries to contribute to international crisis response operations, including peacekeeping and humanitarian crisis.
-
Promote bilateral, regional and multilateral coalition efforts, notably in the global war on terrorism.
-
Maintain support for democratically-elected governments that share values similar to the United States for democracy, human rights, and regional stability.
-
Enhance rationalization, standardization, and interoperability of military forces of friendly countries and allies.
-
Assist the militaries of friendly countries and allies to procure U.S. defense articles and services that strengthen legitimate self-defense capabilities and security needs.
-
Enhance rationalization, standardization, and interoperability of military forces of friendly countries and allies.
-
Support the U.S. industrial base by promoting the export of U.S. defense-related goods and services.
EDA stand for Excess Defense Articles
along with related parts and maintenance, valued at $235 million. Under Section 1206, Frontier Corps, and Pakistan
Counterinsurgency Fund authorities, the United States has provided 4 Mi-17 multirole helicopters (another 6 were
provided temporarily at no cost), 4 King Air 350 surveillance aircraft, 450 vehicles for the Frontier Corps, 20
Buffalo explosives detection and disposal vehicles, helicopter spare parts, sophisticated explosives detectors, night
vision devices, radios, body armor, helmets, first aid kits, litters, and other individual soldier equipment. Through
International Military Education and Training and other programs, the United States has also funded and provided
training for more than 2,000 Pakistani military officers.
Sources: U.S. Departments of Defense and State Contact: K. Alan Kronstadt, Specialist in South Asian Affairs, 7-5415
